Prelims

After Excessive Teacher and Faculty Entitlement

ISBN: 978-1-83797-878-6, eISBN: 978-1-83797-877-9

ISSN: 1479-3687

Publication date: 18 September 2024

Citation

(2024), "Prelims", Ratnam, T. and Craig, C.J. (Ed.) After Excessive Teacher and Faculty Entitlement (Advances in Research on Teaching, Vol. 47), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-xxi. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-368720240000047018

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2024 Tara Ratnam and Cheryl J. Craig. Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited


Half Title Page

After Excessive Teacher and Faculty Entitlement

Series Title Page

Advances in Research on Teaching

Series Editors: Cheryl J. Craig and Stefinee Pinnegar

Recent Volumes

Volume 31: Decentering the Researcher in Intimate Scholarship: Critical Posthuman Methodological Perspectives in Education
Volume 32: Essays on Teaching Education and the Inner Drama of Teaching: Where Biography and History Meet
Volume 33: Landscapes, Edges, and Identity-Making
Volume 34: Exploring Self Toward Expanding Teaching, Teacher Education and Practitioner Research
Volume 35: Preparing Teachers to Teach the STEM Disciplines in America's Urban Schools
Volume 36: Luminous Literacies: Localized Teaching and Teacher Education
Volume 37: Developing Knowledge Communities Through Partnerships for Literacy
Volume 38: Understanding Excessive Teacher and Faculty Entitlement: Digging at the Roots
Volume 39: Global Meaning Making: Disrupting and Interrogating International Language and Literacy Research and Teaching
Volume 40: Making Meaning With Readers and Texts: Beginning Teachers' Meaning-Making From Classroom Events
Volume 41: Teacher Education in the Wake of Covid-19: ISATT 40th Anniversary Yearbook
Volume 42: Teaching and Teacher Education in International Contexts: ISATT 40th Anniversary Yearbook
Volume 43: Approaches to Teaching and Teacher Education: ISATT 40th Anniversary Yearbook
Volume 44: Studying Teaching and Teacher Education: ISATT 40th Anniversary Yearbook
Volume 45: Drawn to the Flame: Teachers' Stories of Burnout
Volume 46: Smudging Composition Lines of Identity and Teacher Knowledge: Cross-Cultural Narrative Inquiries Into Teaching and Learning

Title Page

Advances in Research on Teaching Volume 47

After Excessive Teacher and Faculty Entitlement: Expanding the Space for Healing and Human Flourishing Through Ideological Becoming

Edited by

Tara Ratnam

Independent Teacher Educator and Researcher, India

And

Cheryl J. Craig

Texas A&M University, USA

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Emerald Publishing, Floor 5, Northspring, 21-23 Wellington Street, Leeds LS1 4DL

First edition 2024

Editorial Matter and Selection © 2024 Tara Ratnam and Cheryl J. Craig.

Individual chapters © 2024 The authors.

Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.

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ISBN: 978-1-83797-878-6 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-83797-877-9 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-83797-879-3 (Epub)

ISSN: 1479-3687 (Series)

List of Figures and Tables

Figures
Chapter 1
Fig. 1. Yin–Yang Relationship Between Excessive Entitlement and the Best-Loved Self. 3
Fig. 2. Vygotsky's Mediational Triangle. 9
Fig. 3. The Activity System Model. 9
Chapter 2
Fig. 1. A Conceptual Model of Cycle of Expansive Learning. 28
Chapter 3
Fig. 1. Entitlement as an Activity Systems Model. 46
Fig. 2. Drawing of a Networked Relational Model. 51
Fig. 3. Networked Relational Model for Kate's Academic Activity. 56
Chapter 5
Fig. 1. An Activity System. 84
Fig. 2. Reinforcement Pedagogy: Activity System. 91
Fig. 3. Defensive Pedagogy Episode. 95
Chapter 12
Fig. 1. Sapelo Island. 210
Chapter 13
Fig. 1. 220
Fig. 2. 224
Chapter 15
Fig. 1. Jim Crow. 259

Tables
Chapter 5
Table 1. A CHAT Checklist. 87
Table 2. CHAT Interview Schedule. 88
Chapter 6
Table 1. Overview of Change Laboratory Research Intervention. 109
Chapter 7
Table 1. Summary of the Three Teachers' Narratives. 129

About the Editors

Tara Ratnam, PhD, is an independent teacher educator and researcher from India. In her work with teachers, the difference she observed between what they advocated and its startling antithesis in their practice led her to study how culture and context interacted and influenced teachers' thinking and practice, creating a gap between their intention and action. A failure to link student learning to their cultural ways of knowing has motivated her to explore forms of pedagogical mediation, relationality, thinking, and development that could support teachers help students, particularly the socioculturally diverse and disadvantaged students, to learn with dignity and possibility.

Cheryl J. Craig, PhD, is a Professor, Houston Endowment Endowed Chair of Urban Education, and Program Lead of Teaching and Teacher Education at Texas A&M University. In addition to being her campus's Founding Director of the Collaborative for Innovation for Education, she is an AERA Fellow, a recipient of AERA's Division B Lifetime Achievement Award and AERA's Division K Legacy and Research Excellence Awards. She is also a recipient of the AERA Michael Huberman Award for Outstanding Contributions to Understanding the Lives of Teachers. Currently, she serves as the Chair of the International Study Association on Teachers and Teaching (ISATT).

About the Contributors

Louis Botha, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer at the Wits School of Education at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. He teaches sociology of education, inclusive education, and transformative education and research at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. His research is concerned with the marginalization and transformation of knowledges within contexts of teaching, learning, and research, drawing particularly upon indigenous knowledges in this regard. His research is generally framed within a cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) approach, using the principles and research interventions developed by CHAT researchers to explore possibilities for innovative change within educational contexts.

John Buchanan, EdD, is an Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of Technology Sydney, where he has worked for more than 20 years. Prior to that, he taught at primary and secondary levels in NSW, Australia, mainly in language education. His main teaching and research interests include self-study and social and environmental education, focusing particularly on intercultural education. He has also researched and published extensively on teacher quality, attrition, and retention. His environmental education interests extend to researching about the conceptualization and uses of place and writing about his hometown, Sydney, Australia, a place for which he holds a deep love.

Marie-Christine Deyrich, PhD, is Professor Emerita of Applied Linguistics, English Studies, and Teacher Education at the University of Bordeaux, France. She is an active member of ISATT and AERA. She has been involved in several collective projects among which include: Language Learning for Active Social Inclusion, Pandemic Pedagogy: Educators' Practices During the Covid-19, and the Invisible College Symposia. Her writings deal with ethical language teaching in intercultural issues, linguistic policy, LSP, and learning and teaching in higher education. Her most recent writings deal with the impact of power imbalances and excessive faculty entitlement on doctoral supervision.

Jackie Ellett, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Art Education at Piedmont University. She taught art in Gwinnett County Schools for 32 years. Her varied experiences as a mentor and state and national leader equipped her with the skills to prepare future classroom educators for success. Her teaching accomplishments and dedication to art education have been recognized with state and national awards, including the Nix/Mickish Award for Lifetime Contribution to Art Education, 2022, and the NAEA National Elementary Art Educator of the Year, 1995. She was a contributing writer for the texts Exploring Art, Art Talk, and Art Connections.

Joanne Hardman, PhD, is a Professor and Deputy Director in the School of Education, University of Cape Town. A Psychologist by training, her research interests include using Cultural Historical Activity Theory to study pedagogy and child development; the use of tools such as ICTs on cognition and the development of Executive Functions in the brain and developing online applications to facilitate conceptual development among primary school children. She is the Secretary of the International Association of Cognitive Education and Psychology and African executive member of International Society for Cultural-Historical Activity Research.

Celina Dulude Lay, PhD, currently teaches as an Adjunct Instructor at Brigham Young University at the David O. McKay School of Education. She majored in Educational Inquiry, Measurement and Evaluation at Brigham Young University. Her research interest is in teacher educator knowledge. She is a regular contributor to the American Educational Research Association, especially in the methodologies of Self-Study of Teaching and Teacher Education Practice (S-STEP) and Narrative Research SIG. She enjoys preparing teacher candidates in assessment, classroom management, adolescent development, TESOL K-12, instructional design, literacy in all content areas and ages, and supporting in-service teachers in professional development.

Warren Lilley, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Education within the Psychology of Education stream. Developed through his extensive experience as an educator and teacher-trainer, his research focuses on digital equity and meaningful integration of technology within the classroom. His work empirically and theoretically explores these questions around educational transformation using formative-intervention methodologies, which focus on how educators and students can transform their classroom practices. Additionally, Warren continues to contribute his expertise and experience to the design and facilitation of national teacher development interventions and courses focusing on educational technology integration.

Cristiano Mattos, PhD, studied at the University of São Paulo (USP) investigating artificial cognitive systems. He is an Associate Professor at the Institute of Physics at the USP and currently the leader of the Research Group in Science and Complexity Education (ECCo). He works on the Cultural-Historical Activity Theory from a Freirean perspective, investigating the philosophical, psychological, and pedagogical foundations of teaching–learning of scientific and quotidian concepts, models of dialogic interaction, situated cognition, interdisciplinarity, and activity complexity, developing practical educational activities using science as an instrument to develop citizenship and democratic education for social and economic equity.

Joe Norris, PhD, is a Professor Emeritus at Brock University. He has received the 2015 Tom Barone Award for Distinguished Contributions to Arts Based Educational Research from AERA's Arts Based Educational Research SIG. He also has focused his teaching and research on fostering a playful, creative, participatory, and socially aware stance toward self and other and has taught courses in drama in education, applied theater, research methods (general, qualitative, and arts-based), and curriculum theory, among others at various universities. His book, Playbuilding as Qualitative Research: A Participatory Arts-based Approach, received AERA's Qualitative Research SIG's 2011 Outstanding Book Award.

Eliza Pinnegar, PhD, began her research journey while earning her undergraduate degree. She went on to graduate school, working with Dr D. Jean Clandinin. She attended community events at AERA. Her focus has been on school-aged children and their families' experiences inside school settings and outside. She has a passion for and has been an active member of the Narrative Research and S-STEP communities. She teaches for Anchorage School District. She has enjoyed serving in informal and formal capacities, advising budding researchers, reviewing journals, serving as program Chair, and contributing to the overall knowledge of the educational field.

Stefinee Pinnegar, PhD, is a graduate of the University of Arizona and an Emeriti Professor of Teacher Education from Brigham Young University. Her research interests focus on teacher thinking and practical memory, teacher educator knowledge, and teacher development through professional development. She has published articles in Educational Researcher, Journal of Teacher Education, Studying Teaching, and others. She has coauthored chapters in the most recent handbooks on teacher education and self-study of teacher education practices. She is a specialty editor of Frontiers – Teacher Education and coeditor of Emerald's Advances in Research on Teaching series.

André Machado Rodrigues, PhD, spent 10 years teaching Physics at an urban high school in São Paulo before assuming his current role as an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo. There, he leads the Physics Demonstrations Laboratory and coordinates the Teacher Instruction Program in Physics. As a member of the Research Group in Science and Complexity Education (ECCo), André focuses on science teacher education and scientific concept formation within the cultural-historical activity theory framework. His recent research critically evaluates the science education research field, highlighting the importance of collaborative activities.

Tom Russell, PhD, is a Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Education, Queen's University. He retired in 2019 after 42 years at Queen's. His teaching focused on secondary school science (physics in particular) and the improvement of teaching. His research focused on reflection-in-action, how individuals learn to teach, learning from experience and self-study of teacher education practices. He was a coeditor of the 2004 International Handbook of Self-Study of Teaching and Teacher Education Practices and served as a coeditor of the journal Studying Teacher Education during its first 15 years of publication. He has published numerous book chapters and coedited more than a dozen books.

Richard D. Sawyer, PhD, is a Professor of Education at Washington State University, where he chairs the MIT Secondary Certification Program. His scholarship intertwines reflexive, dialogic qualitative methodologies with curriculum theory. Working with Dr Joe Norris, he originated duoethnography and has written extensively about it. He has published a number of books and articles on curriculum theory and qualitative methodologies, including duoethnography. With Joe Norris, he was a recipient of the American Educational Research Association's Qualitative Research SIG's 2011 Outstanding Book Award for Duoethnography: Understanding Qualitative Research.

Ge Wei, PhD, is an Associate Professor and the Director of the Research Center for Children and Teacher Education, Capital Normal University, China. He is a Visiting Professor of Tampere University, Finland, and also the scientific council member of Center for Activity Theory at University West, Sweden. He draws on cultural-historical activity theory in studies of learning, teaching, and human development in a range of contexts, including schools, families, and societies. Besides, he prefers to inquire narratives to understand experiences of educators. His recent monograph is entitled Reimaging Pre-service Teaches' Practical Knowledge: Designing Learning for Future (Routledge, 2023).

Jack Whitehead, PhD, is a former President of the British Educational Research Association, a Distinguished Scholar in Residence Westminster College Utah, and a Visiting Professor at Brock University, Ontario. He is a Visiting Professor at Ningxia Teachers University, China; the University of Cumbria in the United Kingdom and North–West University in South African present. He is a reviewer and member of the editorial board of the Educational Journal of Living Theories and a reviewer for Action Research; Educational Action Research; Teaching and Teacher Education; Practitioner Research in Higher Education. In 2023, he received an Honorary DLitt from the University of Worcester.

Foreword

Excessive Entitlement: Trying to Grasp the Ungraspable

At the entrance to Auschwitz, the first thing that stares at you is George Santayana's famous warning to humanity: “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” Wars and pestilence and the pain of hate and oppression that surround us today seem like the price we are paying for not heeding, not listening. What makes us use our human potential for violence and inhumanity rather than for peace and respect? Gunter Grass avers that “Auschwitz can never be grasped.” However, what gives me hope and makes me persevere in grasping the ungraspable is the innate human aspiration for the ultimate good, the utopian ideals that every one of us shares regardless of our dystopian actions.

My personal utopia is underlined by the value of inclusivity borne by the Upanishadic mantra of peace, “Om sarve’ bhavantu sukinah,” which speaks to collective well-being and happiness. However, my appeal to this value did not originate from any Upanishad. It came to me as living knowledge witnessing my father's way of life. As a doctor, his healing touch and human concern did not know class or caste differences, the common prejudices of his time. His compassion has left an indelible impression on me.

The human inconsistency between espoused values and actual practice became a matter for sober contemplation in the dissonances I experienced when I attempted to put my values to practice as a teacher, teacher educator, and researcher. Trying to apprehend the seeming resistance by teachers to reform efforts led me to the notion of “excessive teacher entitlement” – a proclivity among teachers to adhere to scripted practice that militates against the need for adaptive flexibility from them. Cheryl Craig enriched this idea by bringing in the perspective of faculty entitlement in higher education settings as a close counterpart. As Dewey (1910, p. 19) points out, naming the phenomenon “helped pin it for investigation, and gave the motive for becoming conscious of our knowledge of experiences to which we had not hitherto applied our own mind.”

Studies piloted to uncover the sources of teacher intransigence and the public-deficit image of them revealed the presence of “excessive entitlement” as a critical and pervasive issue in schools and universities (Ratnam & Craig, 2021): it manifests itself as pushing back change, professional jealousy, competitiveness, and aggression among teachers and faculty. These undesirable behaviors perpetuate existing inequities in institutions of education meant to be democratically inclusive. They create a toxic work environment that undermines trust, collaboration, and innovation. However, the studies also laid bare the relational complexity of teachers' and educators' work, exposing the ubiquitous presence of excessive entitlement in the whole system, encompassing all actors working at various levels of educational hierarchy. Everyone is entangled hopelessly in the web of excessive entitlement, consigned to be harmed and to harm others. In these discursive dynamics, teachers and educators fail to get the recognition, respect, and support for their efforts. These unmet expectations make them vulnerable, and they use excessive entitlement as a way to cope, but this also makes them less aware of themselves. When teachers and educators are not self-aware, they judge others harshly. They blame students for their problems and ignore their own shortcomings.

In the Afterword to the book, “Understanding excessive teacher/faculty entitlement: Digging at the roots” (Ratnam & Craig, 2021), Stefinee Pinnegar asked, “After Entitlement What?” This sounded a clarion call to engage further with the notion of excessive teacher/faculty entitlement as a way to address afresh the “conundrums” that have dogged teaching and teacher education such as theory–practice divide and promoting teacher change. In response, the present volume proposes to bring together promising approaches to help teachers/educators negotiate the living contradictions (Whitehead, 1989; also, Chapter 10 in this volume) they experience in their sociocultural and institutional milieu and reclaim the agency stolen from them by the excessive entitlement enshrouding their self-awareness. Those living contradictions are the conflicts between what they believe and what they do or what they want and what they have. Such conflicts can harm them by posing a threat to their professional, emotional, and moral survival and by making them recourse to excessive entitlement. The healing touch to excessive entitlement involves importantly the promotion of teachers and educators' “ideological becoming” (Bakhtin, 1981) – a holistic process of learning and development that involves recreating identities and social relationships by changing their “way of viewing the world” (Bakhtin, 1981, p. 333) in dialogue with others' worldviews. The heightened self-awareness and respect for diversity developed through dialogue increases the possibility of cocreating a better learning and working environment for all. Teachers and educators can also achieve the shared utopian goal of fairness and inclusion.

How does the wisdom gained from my lived story connect to the larger human story of hatred, oppression, and violence that I began with? People seem to think that hatred for and destruction of others is inevitable for self-preservation. It has taken me the journey of a lifetime to make sense of the apparently simple but profound Upanishadic aphorism that individual happiness is a collective phenomenon – that is, the path to individual happiness and well-being runs through collective happiness and well-being. Might not this similar realization spur us to expand the space for the utopian vision of human flourishing in communities of educational practice and social life, which are threatened by systemic challenges from poverty, exclusion, climate, war, pandemic diseases, and technological disruptions such as the advent of AI?

Tara Ratnam

Independent Teacher Educator and Researcher, India

Acknowledgments

We, the editors, want to thank Xiao Han for her careful formatting work and her pointing out several important details that escaped our notice. Her tireless efforts are much appreciated.

The world is a better place thanks to people who want to grow professionally and help others grow in their personal development. We have all learned a lot during the peer review process. We appreciate how the exchange of feedback helped the authors create deeper meaning through dialogue with their fellow chapter authors. This has turned the writing of the chapters into a rich and transformative learning and development journey for everyone involved. Our heartfelt thanks go out to all the reviewers who gave their time to engage in the dialogic peer review process: Louis Botha, John Buchanan, Jackie Delong, Marie-Christine Deyrich, Jackie Ellett, Mairin Glenn, Joanne Hardman, Sheila Hirst, Sunil Iyengar, Thuri Jóna Jóhannsdóttir, Celina Lay, Warren Lilley, Cristiano Mattos, Joe Norris, Eliza Pinnegar, Stefinee Pinnegar, André Machado Rodrigues, Richard Sawyer, Ge Wei, and Jack Whitehead.

We especially thank Jackie Ellett for her extra reviews and editorial assistance.

We were delighted when Tom Russell took up our invitation to write the Afterword. We know how busy he is and the extra effort involved in responding to the multidisciplinary orientations of all the chapters.

Finally, we are grateful to all the people who helped us bring this book to life, especially Kirsty Woods, Lydia Cutmore, Pavithra Muthu, Shanmathi Priya, and the entire Emerald publishing team.

References

Bakhtin, 1981 Bakhtin, M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays (M. Holquist & C. Emerson, Trans.). University of Texas Press.

Dewey, 1910 Dewey, J. (1910). How we think. D. C. Heath and Company.

Ratnam and Craig, 2021 Ratnam, T. , & Craig, C. J. (Eds.). (2021). Understanding excessive teacher and faculty entitlement: Digging at the roots. Emerald Publishing Limited.

Whitehead, 1989 Whitehead, J. (1989). Creating a living educational theory from questions of the kind, “How do I improve my practice?”. Cambridge Journal of Education, 19(1), 4152. https://www.actionresearch.net/writings/livtheory.html

Prelims
Introduction: The Healing Touch to Excessive Entitlement: Bringing Humanity Back Into Education and Society
Section I Cultural–Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) as a Way Forward From Excessive Teacher/Faculty Entitlement
Why Are Teachers Excessively Entitled? Understanding Teachers to Foster Their Ideological Becoming
Excessive Entitlement From a Networked Relational Perspective
The Onto-Epistemological Dimension of Knowledge and Interaction Within Excessive Teacher Entitlement: A Cultural-Historical Activity Theory Perspective
Excessive Teacher Entitlement and Defensive Pedagogy: Challenging Power and Control in Classrooms
Why ‘Defensive’ Pedagogies Matter: The Necessity of Expanding Teachers' Agency to Inform Educational Transformation
Living in Dilemmatic Spaces: Stories of Excessive Entitled Teachers and Their Transformative Agency
Section II The Yin-Yang of Excessive Teacher/Faculty Entitlement and the Best-Loved Self
When Not Getting Your Due Is Your Due: Excessive Entitlement at Work
Challenging Structures of Excessive Entitlement in Curricula, Teaching, and Learning Through Dialogic Engagement
Generating Living-Educational-Theories With Love in Transforming Excessive Teacher Entitlement
Societal Narratives of Teachers as Nonpersons as an Expression of Society's Excessively Entitled Attitude
Section III Bringing to Consciousness the Unthought Known
Troubling Excessive Entitlement: A Teacher's Reflective Journey
In the Shadow of Traditional Education: A Currere of School Entitlement and Student Erasure
A Reflective Look at Excessive Faculty Entitlement in Doctoral Supervision
Excessive (En)title(ment) Fight? Exploring the Dynamics that Perpetuate Entitlement in Education and Beyond
Section IV Synthesizing the Core Ideas
Looking Back to Look Forward
Afterword
Index