Index
Inequality, Redistribution and Mobility
ISBN: 978-1-80043-040-2, eISBN: 978-1-80043-039-6
ISSN: 1049-2585
Publication date: 26 November 2020
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2020), "Index", Rodríguez, J.G. and Bishop, J.A. (Ed.) Inequality, Redistribution and Mobility (Research on Economic Inequality, Vol. 28), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 205-210. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1049-258520200000028011
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2021 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate endnotes.
A Theory of Justice (Rawls)
, 179–180
Absolute inequality indices
, 105
Absolute Lorenz curve (ALC)
, 99, 102
multi-period mobility partial orderings with
, 102–103
Aggregate relative deprivation (ARD)
, 180–182
algorithm of minimizing
, 182–184
AHL criterion
, 129–130, 135, 143–144
Assistance transfers
, 31, 56
inequality-reducing effect of
, 53
redistributive
, 52
Asymptotic test statistics
, 135
Average nominal personal income
, 122
Average treatment effects
, 126–127
Bartholomew directional mobility indices
, 76–77, 83
background
, 83–85
Bartholomew downward mobility index
, 86–88
Bartholomew upward mobility index
, 85–86
Bartholomew mobility indicator
, 78
Bayes rule
, 193
Bayesian approach
, 77, 92–93
Berthoin reform
, 127, 131, 133
Capital, income from
, 8
Cash transfers
, 48–53
Causality
, 154
Child/children
having children effects on poverty and household size
, 153–155
income quintile
, 77, 89–91
logarithm of child incomes
, 78
on poverty
, 152–153, 167–168
tax credit
, 72n11
Clinton boom (1990)
, 8
Cluster analysis
, 202n4
Coherent framework
, 98
Complete immobility
, 98, 100
Complete independence coincides
, 100
Concavity
, 84
Congruence of algorithm with Rawlsian social welfare program
, 184–185
Consistency
, 103–104
Consistent absolute inequality indices
, 105
Control variables
, 195
Correlated random effect approach (CRE approach)
, 159, 161–162, 165, 166
Correlated random effect dynamic probit with Heckman initial condition
, 166
Correlation coefficient
, 78
Cost-effective response
, 184
Cost-effectiveness of income redistribution
, 30
Counterfactual wage distribution functions
, 191
Currency crisis (1990)
, 9
Directional mobility measurement (see also Multi-period income mobility)
, 76
application of upward mobility
, 88–90
Bartholomew directional mobility indices
, 83–88
Bartholomew index
, 76–77
Bayesian approach and Prais–Bibby Index
, 92–93
literature review
, 78–80
monotonicity, dominance and UMFSA
, 90–92
new mobility ordering
, 80–83
Discriminated against workers
, 194
Discriminated groups
, 202n3
Discrimination
, 188
wage difference
, 200
Discriminatory gaps
, 191
Distance-based mobility index
, 78
Distribution of individual wage gaps
, 191
Dominance
, 90–92
Downward mobility index
, 87
Dynamic reduced-form model
, 159
Dynamic-AR(1) model
, 166–168
Earnings distribution
, 134
Econometric model
, 159–160, 189, 191
Economic domain
, 25
Economic mobility
, 76
Education
, 196
attainment
, 124, 126
testing oportunity equalizing effect of educational expansion
, 126–130
Empirical discrimination model
, 189
Endogeneity
, 152
Equality of opportunity (EOP)
, 124, 128
Equalization of opportunity (EZOP)
, 125, 129, 135
testing
, 128–130
European countries, multi-period mobility in
, 109–113
European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)
, 99, 109, 156, 189, 195
Ex-ante exogenous groups
, 191
Exchange mobility
, 98, 119
Expenditure decisions
, 151
Female
individual wage gap
, 190
wage discrimination coefficient
, 194–195
Fertility variables
, 155, 159
Financial crisis (2008)
, 99
Finite mixture approach
, 189
empirical illustration
, 195–201
laws in Western countries
, 188–189
to measure wage discrimination
, 191–195
traditional empirical framework
, 190–191
variable definitions
, 204
First-order autocorrelation (AR(1))
, 162, 166
French Berthoin reform
, 124
Gap dominance test
, 135
GDP growth
growth for middle and lower incomes and relationship with
, 21–23
and growth in middle incomes
, 16–18
General distance-based mobility index
, 78
Generalized Lorenz curves (GL curves)
, 139–140
Generalized Lorenz domination
, 81, 83
Generalized Lorenz ordering
, 77
Gini coefficient
, 2, 5–6, 14–15, 30, 33, 42
Gini opportunity index
, 143
“Grand narratives”
, 13, 15, 24–25
Great Recession
, 7, 10
Greek public sector wage premium
, 189
Gross national income (GNI)
, 16–18
Groups
, 188–190
Having children
, 151–152
effects on poverty and household size
, 153–155
Health categories
, 76
Heckman approach
, 162
High-income households
, 44
Higher inequality
, 3
Household disposable income
, 4
Household economic resources
, 151
Household size and poverty
data and descriptive statistics
, 156–158
descriptive statistics
, 174
econometric methods
, 152–153
econometric model
, 159–160
estimated parameters of CRE dynamic models
, 177–178
estimated parameters of Heckman initial condition
, 175–176
having children
, 151–152
poverty and household size
, 153–155
results
, 160–166
simulations
, 166–170
Human capital
, 188
Identification strategy
, 127
Imperfect information
, 188
Income (see also Middle incomes)
, 3–4
distribution
, 156
income-health matrix
, 79
mobility
, 98
from self-employment and capital
, 8
taxes
, 48–53
Income Distribution Database (IDD)
, 32
Income growth
, 98, 119
measuring across rich countries
, 3–5
Income inequality
, 2, 33
implications for monitoring and promoting progress
, 23–25
inequality, growth and real incomes of poor
, 18–21
inequality and middle-income growth
, 13–15
measuring income inequality across rich countries
, 3–5
what happen to income inequality
, 5–8
Income redistribution
, 33
changes in redistribution to bottom 40-
, 62–69
cost-effectiveness of income redistribution
, 30
data, defining and measuring redistribution
, 32–35
redistribution in different parts of tax-transfer system
, 48–62
redistribution in tax-transfer system
, 35–48
working households
, 31–32
wrapping-up
, 69–72
Independent variables
, 195
Inequality
, 2–3
measurement
, 78
and middle-income growth
, 13–15
Inequality of opportunity (IOP)
, 125
Infertility
, 155
Instrumental variable approach (IV approach)
, 126, 154–155
Insurance transfers
, 52–53
Intergenerational elasticity of income
, 78
Intergenerational mobility
, 98
International Comparison Program
, 4
Intra-generational income mobility
, 98
Inverse stochastic dominance analysis
, 130, 135
Kakwani progressivity indicator
, 35
Labor Force Survey (LFS)
, 130–131
Labor supply
, 151, 154
Latent class models
, 189
Lefranc, Pistolesi, and Trannoy approach (LPT approach)
, 128
“Liberal/Anglo-Saxon” economy
, 8
Likelihood ratio test (LR test)
, 162
Linear model
, 135
Linearized reduced-form equation
, 159
Literacy mobility index
, 76
Living standards
, 2–4, 10, 13, 16, 18, 23–24
Loi Berthoin
, 125, 127, 133
Long-term economic disparity
, 153
Longitudinal data
, 152
Lorenz-consistent inequality index
, 100, 106
Low-income households
, 44, 154
Lower incomes, growth for
, 21–23
Luxembourg Income Database
, 72n4
Luxembourg Income Study (LIS)
, 4–5, 7, 25n1, 32
Luxembourg poverty profile
, 152
Maasoumi and Zandvakili mobility indices
, 106–108
Markovian model
, 77
Maximum likelihood techniques
, 193
Micro-based analysis
, 30
Microeconomic behaviors
, 151
“Middle class”
, 13
households
, 44
Middle incomes
GDP growth and growth in
, 16–18
growth for
, 21–23
growth in
, 8–13
inequality and middle-income growth
, 13–15
Middle-and lower-income households
, 2
Mincer’s equations
, 192, 195
Mobility
, 76
indices of Tsui
, 108–109
mobility-as-independence measures
, 78
Modern theories of social justice
, 124
Monotone mobility matrices
, 77
Monotonicity
, 79, 90–92
axiom
, 86
property
, 79
of transition matrices
, 83
MSL method
, 160
Multi-period income mobility
average nominal personal income
, 122
basic setting
, 99–100
connection to previous measurement proposals in literature
, 106–109
data description
, 109
desirable properties of
, 100–102
in European countries
, 109
indices
, 99
indices example based on absolute inequality indices
, 105
intergenerational mobility
, 98
new approach to measuring
, 99
partial orderings with absolute Lorenz curve
, 102–103
results
, 109–113
satisfaction of other desirable properties
, 103–105
simple income matrices
, 119–120
Multidimensional income inequality
, 98
Multinomial logit model
, 193
New mobility ordering
, 80–83
Non-discriminated against workers groups
, 194, 202n3
Normalization
, 104
Oaxaca–Blinder model
, 189–190, 194–195, 200
OECD Income Distribution Database
, 4, 25n2, 72n2
OECD Taxing Wages
, 62
One-earner couple households
, 73n19
“One-size-fits-all” solutions
, 25
Opportunity amelioration
, 130, 135
Opportunity equalization
, 125–126
additional graphs
, 148–149
data
, 130–134
estimating returns to educational expansion
, 126–127
identification and estimation
, 134–135
results
, 135–143
simulating effect of educational expansion on earnings distribution
, 127–128
testing EZOP
, 128–130
testing oportunity equalizing effect of educational expansion
, 126
Ordering
, 77
Overall log-likelihood function
, 193
Panel Socio-Economique “Liewen zu Lëtzebuerg” (PSEL3)
, 153, 156, 161
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID)
, 77, 88
Par excellence
, 124
“Paradox of redistribution”
, 54, 72n7
Partial mobility ordering
, 76
Partial permutation matrices
, 78
“Permanent income”
, 79
Personal characteristics
, 195
Personal income taxes (PIT)
, 30–31, 34, 62–63
iso-redistribution curves
, 56
Pigou-Dalton transfers
, 115n10
Policy evaluation
, 144
Poverty
, 2, 151
child on
, 167–168
and household size
, 153–155
Prais–Bibby index
, 76, 78, 92–93
Pre-ordered Lorenz curve
, 80
Pre-redistribution Lorenz curve
, 80
Predefined groups of workers
, 192
Probabilistic framework
, 189
Progressivity
, 30–32, 34–35, 49
Public policy
, 124
Purchasing power parity (PPP)
, 4, 11
Quantile regressions
, 191
Quantile treatment effect estimates (QTE estimates)
, 126, 128, 134, 136
Random effect probit (RE model)
, 166
Rank-dependent mobility
, 78
Rawlsian social welfare program
, 180
A Theory of Justice
, 179–180
algorithm of minimizing ARD
, 182–184
ARD
, 181–182
congruence of algorithm with
, 184–185
Rawlsian social welfare function
, 180–181
Real incomes of poor
, 18–21
“Redistribution”
, 33
Relative income inequality approach
, 114n3
Reranking
, 35
S-concave function
, 83, 85
Self-employment, income from
, 8
Semi-parametric heterogeneity models
, 189
Sensitivity to loans
, 104
Serial correlation
, 153, 160
Shapley value
, 33
Shorrocks multi-period mobility indices
, 106
Simple income matrices
, 119–120
Simple probit model
, 166
Simulated counterfactual distributions
, 135
Size (t)
, 35
Social mobility
, 76, 78
Social security contributions (SSC)
, 30, 34, 48–53, 56–57, 62
Social stress of population
, 181
Social welfare function
, 79
Socioeconomic mobility measurement
, 78–79
Socioeconomic status (SES)
, 131
“Squeezed middle”
, 2, 13, 18
State dependence
, 152, 155
Static models
, 162
Structural mobility
, 98, 114n2, 119
Tax
, 30
credits
, 72n11
progressivity
, 54, 62
reforms
, 62
revenue
, 37
Tax-transfer system
impact of aging and rising senior employment
, 45–48
assessment of levels and changes in redistribution
, 35–42
redistribution across different income groups
, 42–45
redistribution in
, 35
redistribution in different parts of
, 48
relative role of income taxes, social security contributions, and cash transfers
, 48–53
relative role of size of taxes and transfers, of tax progressivity and of transfer targeting
, 54–62
Taxation
, 34
Taxing Wages models
, 62
Traditional empirical framework
, 190–191
Transfer system
, 30
Transfer-by-transfer analysis
, 57
Transition matrix
, 76, 79–80
Transitory shocks
, 153
Two-period income panel data
, 78
Unconditional likelihood for individual
, 192
Unemployment
, 76
Unemployment insurance transfers
, 60
Upper-middle-class households
, 44
Upward mobility application
, 88–90
Upward mobility favoring sequential averaging (UMFSA)
, 81–82, 90–92
“Veil of ignorance”
, 180
Vertical equity
, 34–35
Wage discrimination
, 188–189
finite mixture model to measure
, 191–195
Wage equation
, 190
Welfarist measures
, 79
Working characteristics
, 195
World Inequality Database
, 2, 7
- Prelims
- Chapter 1: Inequality and Real Income Growth for Middle- and Low-income Households across Rich Countries in Recent Decades
- Chapter 2: Income Redistribution through Taxes and Transfers across OECD Countries
- Chapter 3: Measuring Directional Mobility: The Bartholomew and Prais-Bibby Indices Reconsidered
- Chapter 4: On the Measurement of Multi-Period Income Mobility
- Chapter 5: Rising Educational Attainment and Opportunity Equalization: Evidence from France
- Chapter 6: Household Size and Poverty
- Chapter 7: An Economics-Based Rationale for the Rawlsian Social Welfare Program
- Chapter 8: The Measurement of Wage Discrimination with Imperfect Information: A Finite Mixture Approach
- Index