Index
Inequality, Taxation and Intergenerational Transmission
ISBN: 978-1-78756-458-9, eISBN: 978-1-78756-457-2
ISSN: 1049-2585
Publication date: 28 December 2018
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2018), "Index", Bishop, J.A. and Rodríguez, J.G. (Ed.) Inequality, Taxation and Intergenerational Transmission (Research on Economic Inequality, Vol. 26), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1049-258520180000026013
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2019 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “n” with numbers indicate notes.
Absolute IEC
, 17
Absolute inequality of opportunity
, 165
Absolute Polarization Curve (APC)
, 66
Accumulation process
, 39, 53
Adult–child income
, 222
Age
, 158, 253
age-related reference groups
, 266–268
Aggregate/macro-economic and institutional features
, 204
Alkire and Foster approach
, 95–96, 99
with dichotomous variables
, 92–93
Alterable circumstance
, 159
Antiquity of state
, 221
Assessing changes over time
, 177
confidence intervals for contribution of circumstances
, 180
confidence intervals for IO and overall inequality
, 178
contribution of circumstances to IO
, 195–196
income inequality and IO estimates with interaction
, 194
income inequality and IO measured by GE(0)
, 181
regression results for 2004 with interaction terms
, 186–189
regression results for 2010 with interaction terms
, 190–193
Associated Kesten process
, 61
Asymptotic Kesten process
, 43, 61
Average income
, 250
Average marginal effects (AME)
, 203
Average wealth of individual households
, 249–250
“Basic” dimensions of food insecurity
, 97–101, 102
Bequests
, 4
behavior
, 2
taxes
, 1
Bernoulli distribution
, 203
Bhattacharyya coefficient (BC)
, 251, 256–258
Binary logit models
, 205, 208–209, 216–217
Binary score
, 262
Bipolarization
, 64
contributions of explanatory variables and residual
, 76–81
ratio
, 67, 71
of wages
, 73
Bootstrap sampling method
, 119
Buchanan’s fiscal constitution and concentration of preferences
, 284–285
Buchanan’s model
, 284, 285
Budget constraint
, 5, 7, 8, 39, 55, 57
Candidate exploratory factors
, 115
Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Piketty)
, 35
Capital income
, 44, 51
Capital stock
, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 52, 55
Capital transfer taxes
, 1
“Censuses, surveys, and sophisticated statistical techniques”
, 251
Chi-square measure
, 256
Circumstances
, 150
Cobb–Douglas function
, 36
Code job mobility
, 224
Cohort-specific fixed effects
, 207
Comparative reference groups
, 260, 265
age-related reference groups
, 266–268
education-related reference groups
, 263–266
gender-related reference groups
, 268–269, 270
Comparative statics
, 45–48, 51–53
Compensation principle
, 150, 164
Confidence intervals
, 177
Confounding factors
, 231, 234–238
Convergence to steady state
, 42–45, 57–61
Convex function
, 111
Counterfactual microsimulation technique
, 111
Counting approach to multidimensional food security measurement
, 90, 92–97
Commitments on Rome Declaration to achieving sustainable food security
, 104
counting approach to food insecurity in Israel
, 97
empirical results
, 98–102
food insecurity estimation in Israel
, 90–91
methodology
, 97–98
questions on food security in Israeli surveys
, 105–108
World Food Conference
, 89–90
Country-level regression analysis
, 113
Cross-country analysis
, 112–114
Cross-country differences
, 206
Database and data description
, 151
population share by circumstances
, 153–156
population share corresponding to high category
, 158
population share corresponding to low category
, 157
share of individuals with equivalent disposable income
, 160–163
Decomposition
absolute measuring of bipolarization
, 66–67
analysis of education
, 129–130
bipolarization
, 64
methods
, 70, 113, 114–116
of wages bipolarization
, 67–69
Demand and supply of labor skills
, 113, 115
Democracy and equality preferences
Buchanan’s fiscal constitution and concentration of preferences
, 284–285
data
, 285–288, 289
empirical analysis
, 288–295
Democratic voice
, 284
Demogrant
, 4, 5
Density
, 157–158
Detrended variables
, 55–57
Dichotomous variables, Alkire and Foster approach with
, 92–93
“Dimension adjusted headcount ratio”
, 93
Distributional methods
, 116
Distributional progression
, 21
Downward job
mobility
, 233
status mobility
, 229
Downward mobility
, 221, 229
Earnings
, 4
applying Foster And Wolfson bipolarization index decomposition to
, 86–88
function
, 67–69
Econometric
exercise
, 36
strategy
, 228–230
Economic Freedom Index
, 292
Economic/economy
, 5–8
contributions
, 220
crisis
, 151
growth
, 220
indicators
, 297
inequality
, 198
theory
, 284
Economist Democracy Index
, 291
Education
, 248, 253
education-related reference groups
, 263–266
variable
, 119
Education impact on income inequality in Latin America
, 110
data
, 119–120
decline in income inequality in Latin America
, 112–116
decomposition analysis of education
, 129–130
decomposition results
, 136–141
education effects on inequality
, 111–112
empirical findings on aggregate decomposition
, 122–124
empirical findings on education effects
, 124–129
expansion of education
, 131–134
literature review
, 111
methodology
, 116–119
paradox of progress
, 130–131
RIF regressions
, 122
SEDLAC homogenized household income surveys
, 121
unconditional quantile regression coefficients
, 142–146
Empirical analysis
, 164, 179, 288
change in equality preference dispersion
, 294
changes in income inequality measurement
, 175
changes in inequality of opportunity in absolute value
, 175
contribution of circumstances to inequality of opportunity
, 174
using fractionalization variables to instrument inequality
, 294
Gini index
, 165
income inequality and inequality of opportunity estimates
, 172–173
ordinal measure of equality preference dispersion
, 295
preference dispersion regression results
, 291, 292, 293, 294
regression results
, 167–170
statistics for various freedom indices
, 291
statistics for WVS question responses
, 290
Empirical evidence
, 150
Empirical strategy
, 199–202
Equal-tailed confidence interval
, 177
Equality
, (see also Inequality), 289
of opportunity
, 150, 164–165, 198, 212, 265
question
, 287
Equality preference dispersion
change in
, 294
ordinal measure
, 295
Equilibrium
, 5–8
Equilibrium distribution
, 10
Equity
, 3
Equivalized disposable income
, 151
Estate taxes
, 1
Ethno-linguistic division
, 239
Ethno-linguistic fractionalization
, 221, 227–228, 234
Euclidean distance
, 256–257
European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)
, 69, 151, 199
2011 ad hoc module on intergenerational transmission of disadvantages
, 199–202
Ex ante perspective
, 164–165
Exogenous factors
, 113
Explanatory variables in binary logit models
, 216–217
Firpo, Fortin, and Lemieux method (FFL method)
, 110, 115, 116
decomposition method
, 114–115
inference
, 119
RIF estimation
, 117–118
weights estimation to separating structure and composition effect
, 116–117
Fiscal constitution
, 285
Flexible Inequality Equivalence (FIE)
, 19, 23
Fluctuating factors
, 111
Food insecurity
Alkire and Foster approach with dichotomous variables
, 92–93
applying different counting approaches to analysis
, 94–97
counting approach to food insecurity in Israel
, 97–101
counting approach to measuring
, 92
estimation in Israel
, 90–91
other counting approaches
, 93–94
Food security
, 91, 92
questions on food security in Israeli surveys
, 105–108
Food-insecurity counting function of individual
, 93
Foster and Wolfson bipolarization index (FW)
, 64
applying to earnings functions
, 86–88
between-and within-groups mean differences of logarithm of wages
, 82
contributions of explanatory variables and of residual to bipolarization and inequality
, 76–81
correlations between countries of contributions to bipolarization index
, 83–85
decomposing absolute measuring of bipolarization
, 66–67
decomposition
, 64
earnings functions and decomposition of wages bipolarization
, 67–69
inequality determinants and wages bipolarization in Portugal
, 69–73
matricial representation
, 64–65
middle class
, 63–64
Fractionalization variables to instrument inequality
, 294
Freedom House indices
, 291
Freedom House Political Rights Index
, 289–290
Fuzzy approach to poverty measurement
, 102n2
G-matrix
, 65
Gender
, 158, 248, 268–269
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
, 269
Gender-related reference groups
, 268–269, 270
General Government Final Consumption Expenditure
, 228
Generalized entropy measures
, 183n13
Generalized mean
, 94
German Socio-Economic Panel data
, 248
Gift taxes
, 1
Gini coefficient
, 11, 251, 254, 267
Gini correlation
, 86, 87
Gini index (IG)
, 37, 64, 67–68, 114, 165
Gini opportunity index
, 165
Government expenditure
, 221
Government intervention
, 5
Great Gatsby Curve (GGC)
, 205, 220
Great Recession
, 220
Gross domestic product (GDP)
, 286–287
Harmonized microdata
, 112
Herfindahl index
, 227
Heritage Economic Freedom Index
, 291
Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom
, 289–290
High education
, 263–264
High-income group
, 254
Household Food Security Survey Modules
, 90
Household income
, 119
Human capital accumulation
, 220
Human capital approach
, 198
Immigrant
, 157, 166, 175–176
Immobility.
, 221
Income
, 51
disparities
, 290
distribution
, 198, 255, 262
generating function
, 67
Income and wealth distributions
, 36
comparative statics
, 45–48, 51–53
convergence to steady state
, 42–45, 57–62
detrended variables
, 55–57
dynamics description
, 40–42
income, capital, and wages inequalities
, 51
Kesten process
, 61–62
model description
, 37–39
Nirei model
, 53–55
results for
, 36–37
Income inequality
, 110, 149, 238
assessing changes over time
, 177–181
conceptual framework
, 149–151
cross-country analysis
, 112–114
database and data description
, 151–164
decline in income inequality in Latin America
, 112
decomposition methods
, 114–116
empirical analysis
, 164–177
empirical findings on aggregate decomposition
, 122–124
empirical findings on education effects
, 124–129
on intergenerational mobility
, 222–223
Income taxation
, 2
evaluating redistributive effect
, 20–22
scheme
, 15–16
Individual
behavior
, 4
perception of inequality
, 260–261
wealth
, 4
Inequality
, (see also Equality)
aversion
, 17
contributions of explanatory variables and of residual to
, 76–81
determinants in Portugal
, 69–73
education effects
, 111–112
hourly labor income
, 113
neutral tax schedule
, 24
perceptions
, 16
Inequality equivalence
, 16
evaluating redistributive effect of income taxation
, 20–22
income taxation scheme
, 15–16
inequality evaluations
, 16–20
new results on
, 23–26
proof of P4 conditions
, 29–32
proof of P5 conditions
, 32–35
Inequality equivalence criterion (IEC)
, 17, 23
Inequality evaluations
, 16
income vectors
, 16–17
linear inequality equivalence criteria
, 18–20
perception of inequality
, 17–18
“Inequality neutral” tax schedule approaches
, 29
Inequality of effort (IE)
, 202–203
Inequality of opportunity (IO)
, (see also Income inequality), 149–150, 199
Inheritance
, 4
process
, 36, 39
taxes
, 1
Inheritance taxation
, 2–3
bequest tax and demogrant
, 12
economy and equilibrium
, 5–8
government intervention
, 5
illustration
, 10–11
individual behavior
, 4
long run
, 8–9
model
, 3
redistribution and predistribution
, 9–10
tax on bequests
, 3–4
taxes
, 1–2
Institutional economics literature
, 221
Institutional factors
, 113
Inter-cohort variability
, 205
Inter-country variability
, 205
Intergenerational earnings elasticity
, 222
Intergenerational elasticity
, 222, 229
Intergenerational job status mobility
, 223–224
Intergenerational mobility
, 228–229
income inequality
, 222–223
measures
, 223
Intergenerational perceived job status mobility
, 220
Intergenerational transmission
, 198, 211
Intergenerational transmission of economic disadvantage (ITED)
, 198, 199–202
empirical strategy
, 199–202
explanatory variables in binary logit models
, 216–217
multivariate strategy
, 202–211
Intermediate Inequality Equivalence (IIE)
, 17–19, 23
International Social Survey Program (ISSP)
, 221, 223, 250–251
survey
, 252
“Intersection” approach
, 92
Interviewees
, 204
Intra-generational equality
, 198
Jakobsson, Fellman and Kakwani theorem (JFK theorem)
, 15, 20, 21–22, 24
proof of P4 conditions
, 29–32
Job immobility
, 233
Job mobility
, 238
Job status immobility
, 229
Kesten process
, 61–62
Kesten theorem
, 61
Labor market
, 119
policies
, 113
Labor productivity factor
, 39
Law of Large Numbers
, 44
Lifetime earnings
, 4
Logarithm of wages
, 74n1
between-and within-groups mean differences of
, 82
Long-run determinants
of downward intergenerational immobility
, 237
of intergenerational immobility
, 236
of intergenerational mobility
, 232
of upward intergenerational mobility
, 235
Long-run equilibrium
, 8–9, 10
Long-run factors influencing intergenerational perceived job status mobility
data
, 223–228
estimation results
, 230–238
income inequality on intergenerational mobility
, 222–223
influence of confounding factors
, 234–238
lagged income inequality and downward mobility
, 232
lagged income inequality and immobility
, 231
lagged income inequality and upward mobility
, 231
long-run determinants of intergenerational mobility
, 232
model and econometric strategy
, 228–230
random effects SUR method
, 233–234
robustness analysis
, 238–240, 241–243
Lorenz curve
, 16, 19, 20
Lorenz dominance
, 31
criterion
, 20
Lorenz dominance condition, classical
, 20
Low and Medium education
, 171
Low and Medium skill
, 171
Low density
, 166
Low education
, 263–264
Low-income group
, 254
Luxembourg Income Study (LIS)
, 250–253
Macro-economic aggregates
, 198
Marginal effects (ME)
, 207
Matricial representation of Foster and Wolfson bipolarization index
, 64–65
Mean logarithmic deviation (MLD)
, 165
Medium education
, 263–264
Mincer model
, 115
Mincerian earnings function
, 67, 70
Minimal progressivity
, 24
Minimally redistributive taxation schemes
, 25
Mismeasurement
, 249, 251
Misperceptions
, 249
“Moderately food insecure”
, 91
Multidimensional poverty
, 90, 98
counting approach to
, 92–95
Multivariate strategy
, 200, 202–211
National-specific features
, 204
Near unanimous agreement
, 285
Neoclassical growth model
, 36
Net elasticity of substitution
, 51
Nirei model
, 53–55
Nominal deprivation
, 93
“Non-basic” dimensions of food insecurity
, 97–101, 102
Non-representative sample
, 262
Normalized Bhattacharyya coefficient
, 259, 280–281
Normalized inverse chi-square distance
, 280–281
Normalized inverse Kullback-Leibler divergence measure
, 280–281
Normative reference group
, 265
Normative reference group
, 273n15
Notions of inequality
, 16
Objective distribution
, 263
Objective distributional diagram
, 269
Occupation
, 253
OECD Income Distribution Database
, 226
“One-shot” impact assessment of tax
, 3
Ordinary Least squares (OLS)
, 229, 293
“Overall food insecure”
, 92, 103n4
P-matrix
, 65
Paradox of progress
, 110, 111, 112, 130–131
Parental Education
, 152, 159, 175–176
Parental Occupation
, 152
Pareto distribution
, 9, 37, 42, 43–44
Pareto exponent (P)
, 47
Path-independent criteria
, 23
Perceived job status
, 220
Perceived mobility
, 220
Percentile intervals
, 177
Percentile method
, 135n7
Perceptions of inequality
, 17–18, 248, 249, 253, 260–269
Bhattacharyya coefficient
, 256–257
income distribution in countries in sample
, 255
perceptions different
, 257–260
regression of BC and binary score
, 261
Persistent factors
, 111
Political institutions
, 221
Political system
, 289
Population proportion
, 66
Post-tax income
, 21
Post-tax individual earnings
, 152
Post-tax-and-transfer incomes
, 257
Poverty
, 198
Predistribution
, 2, 3, 9–10
Principle of transfers (PT)
, 17
Probability distributions
, 249
Production process
, 36
Productivity
, 36
Progressive tax(ation)
new results on
, 23–26
schedule
, 21
system
, 22
Progressive transfers
, 17
Progressivity
, 21
Progressivity, classical
, 24
“Propensity score”
, 117
“Pseudo-mean difference”
, 87
Quality of institutions
, 221
Random effects SUR method
, 233–234
Random effects technique
, 230
Re-weighting function
, 117
“Real food insecurity”
, 94
Recentered Influence Function (RIF)
, 117
estimation
, 117–118
regressions
, 122
Redistribution
, 2, 9–10
Redistribution degree
, 284
Regression model
, 262
Relative inequality
, 21
equivalence
, 17
of opportunity
, 165
Religious fractionalization
, 221, 227–228, 234, 238
Retrospective Gini coefficients
, 206
Returns to education
, 110, 111–114, 129, 131, 134
Revenue raising
, 2
Reward principle
, 150
Rippin index
, 99
Robustness analysis
, 238
long-run determinants of intergenerational mobility
, 239, 240, 241–242, 243
Rome Declaration
, 90
Commitments on Rome Declaration to achieving sustainable food security
, 104
Schedule progression
, 21
SEDLAC dataset
, 112
Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR)
, 230
Severely food insecure
, 91
Short-run equilibrium
, 6–8, 9, 10
Skill premium
, 113
Social choice process
, 284
Social inequality
, 252
modules
, 223–224
Social mobility
, 222
Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and Caribbean (SEDLAC)
, 119, 135n1
Sociodemographic variables
, 119
Socioeconomic mobility
, 198
Standard Gini coefficient
, 295n5
State responsibility
, 289
Statistical inference
, 177
Subjective distribution
diagram
, 269
of income
, 248
Subjective economic inequality
choice of distribution based on education level
, 279
choice of distribution based on income level
, 279
choice of distribution based on politics
, 279
comparative reference groups and perceptions of inequality
, 260–269, 270
data
, 251–253
income distribution within age groups
, 277
income distribution within educational groups
, 276
income distribution within gender groups
, 277
limitations of analysis
, 269–271
normalized Bhattacharyya coefficient
, 280
perception of inequality across countries
, 253–260, 261
share of people in country
, 278
size of bins in subjective income distributions
, 279
Supply and demand framework
, 114
Sustainable food security, Commitments on Rome Declaration to achieving
, 104
Tax
bequest
, 1
capital transfer
, 1
estate
, 1
function
, 21
“one-shot” impact assessment of tax
, 3
payment
, 21
system
, 205
Taxation
, (see also Income taxation; Inheritance taxation), 1, 5
Theil index
, 114, 267
Theil’s L
, (see Mean logarithmic deviation (MLD))
“Ultra-Orthodox” Jews
, 91
Unalterable circumstance
, 159
Unambiguous inequality
, 21
Underestimate inequality
, 249
“Union approach”
, 92
Unit consistency
, 19
Unit-consistent criteria
, 23
Upward job mobility
, 233
Upward job status mobility
, 229
Upward mobility;
, 221
Wage bipolarization
, 64
decomposition
, 67–69
in Portugal
, 69–73
Wage inequalities
, 51
Weights estimation to separating structure and composition effect
, 116–117
World Bank Poverty (WBP)
, 224, 226
World Food Conference
, 89–90
World Food Summit
, 90
World Income Inequality Database (WIID)
, 226
World Values Survey (WVS)
, 285
country–waves
, 297
responses
, 287–288, 289
- Prelims
- Chapter 1 Inheritance Taxation: Redistribution and Predistribution
- Chapter 2 A Note on Progressive Taxation and Inequality Equivalence
- Chapter 3 Income and Wealth Distributions in a Neoclassical Growth Model With σ ≥ 1
- Chapter 4 Applying The Decomposition of the Foster and Wolfson Bipolarization Index to Earnings Functions
- Chapter 5 The Counting Approach to Multidimensional Food Security Measurement: The Case of Israel
- Chapter 6 The Impact of Education on Income Inequality in Latin America Between 2000 and 2010
- Chapter 7 Income Inequality and Inequality of Opportunity in Europe: Are They on the Rise?
- Chapter 8 Macro-Economic Determinants of Cross-Country Differences in Intergenerational Transmission of Economic Disadvantage in Europe
- Chapter 9 Long-Run Factors Influencing Intergenerational Perceived Job Status Mobility
- Chapter 10 Misperceptions: An Analysis of Subjective Economic Inequality
- Chapter 11 Democracy and Equality Preferences
- About the Editors
- Index