Academia de Humanismo Cristianoi
, 100
Action research
, 189, 218
emancipatory action research
, 190
tradition
, 217
See also Community-based research (CBR); Engaged research
Action-based theories development with predictive power
, 202
Active process-derived phenomenon
, 65
Activist criminal justice professionals
, 222
Activist professionals
cross-pressures
, 221–222
engaged academics as
, 216–221
Activists
, 44, 46–47, 194, 222–223
All India Democratic Women’s Association (AIDWA)
, 169–170, 171, 172, 173–174, 175
All India Women’s Conference (AIWC)
, 169–170
Alliance
, 4
advantaged allies
, 219–221
formation across political divides, implications for
, 126–127
American Sociological Society (ASS)
, 187
Anarchists Against the Wall (AAtW)
, 50
Anarchists Against Wall, One Struggle, Black Laundry, and Gush Shalom
, 45
Anti-capitalist Muslims
, 110, 119, 122–123, 124–125
Anti-Communist Argentine Alliance
, 98
Anti-communist propaganda
, 117
Anti-Muslim scapegoating in the United States
, 236
Armed actors
, 139, 145–146
civilians and armed actors, relationships between
, 135–136
decision in Samaniego
, 141
economic considerations
, 152–153
normative considerations
, 151–152
political considerations
, 150
security considerations
, 150–151
See also Political violence
Asef Bayat partitions
, 128
“Attribution of similarities”
, 113
“Authority and credibility”
, 114
Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC)
, 136, 139–140
Autonomous women’s groups
, 167
Catholic Relief Services
, 101
Center for Jewish Nonviolence (CJNV)
, 45–46, 52
Centre for Women and Development Studies (CWDS)
, 169–170
Challenging consensus collusion
, 201
Chile’s Struggle against General Pinochet
, 99–101
Church–State Relations
, 93
Civil resistance
, 94, 135–136
actions
, 139–140
literature
, 92
Civilians
, 139
and armed actors
, 135–136, 150
assertion of autonomy, responses to
, 140–142
mass mobilizations, responses to
, 142–144
Coalition(s)
, 6, 240–241
formation, theories on
, 161–163
Mas’ha coalition
, 40, 41, 43–44, 46–51, 54–57
Sumud coalition
, 40, 41, 43–44, 45–47, 51–57, 59
transnational coalitions
, 40–41, 42–43, 45–54
Collaboration
, 161, 186, 187, 206
Collaborative inquiry
, 190
Collective identity
and boundaries
, 111–115
boundary blurring
, 112–115
formation
, 111–112
implications for research
, 125–126
processes of left-wing Islamists
, 111
Colonialism and partition
, 20–21
Combatants for Peace (CFP)
, 45–46, 53–54
Comité de Cooperación para la Paz en Chile (COPACHI)
, 100
Committee on the Status of Women in India (CSWI)
, 169
Community-based research (CBR)
, 187, 190–191
advantages and challenges
, 195–198
community-based participatory action research (CBPAR)
, 190
community-based participatory research (CBPR)
, 190, 196–197
criteria for evaluating methodology
, 200–201
criteria for evaluating theoretical contributions
, 201–202
criteria for presenting findings
, 202–203
defending public space
, 192–194
defining community
, 200
defining participation
, 200
fair lending
, 191–192
guidelines for peer review
, 198–203
promise of
, 194–195
See also Action research; Engaged research; Participatory action research (PAR)
Community-Campus Partnerships for Health
, 189–190
“Comuneros del Sur” Front in Samaniego
, 147
Conflict
of interest
, 222–224
political conflict
, 95–96, 97, 106
tourism in Northern Ireland
, 20–21
transformation
, 14, 28, 32
Congregation-based community
, 114
See also Community-based research (CBR)
Constitutional Court
, 146
“Constriction” poem
, 77–78
Contention
, 2, 14, 20–21, 111–112, 166, 173
across Brazilian youth activist networks
, 163
repertoires of
, 123–124, 125
Contestation contribution to society
, 237–239
Cooperation
, 171
cooperation formation, theories on
, 161–163
for demonstration campaigns
, 172–173
across different women’s groups
, 178–179
Credentialed class
, 222–223
Criminal justice
, 213–214, 215
professionals
, 214–215, 220, 222, 224
Criminal Law Amendment Act (1983)
, 173, 174
Cross-pressures of activist professionals
, 221–222
“Culturally appropriate” services
, 223
Labor & Justice Platform
, 122
Land Defense Committee
, 45, 47
Las Mercedes
, 137, 138, 139–140
external actors’ role
, 146
groups’ acceptation
, 141–142
importance for insurgents to win civilians
, 143
See also Armed actors; Civilians
Left-wing Islamists in Turkey
, 110–111, 113–114
alliance formation across political divides, implications for
, 126–127
boundary blurring as collective identity formation
, 119–125
collective identity, implications for research on
, 125–126
collective identity and boundaries
, 111–115
data and methods
, 116–117
exclusionary boundary work
, 118–119
political polarization and heretical social movements, implications for
, 127–128
sketching boundaries between left and Islam(ism)
, 117–118
LGBT
LGBT-affirming religious groups
, 110–111
movements
, 114, 115, 128
Liberation sociology
, 217
Mahalles
, 116–117, 120–121, 122, 125
Mahila Atyachar Virodhi Jan Andolan (MAVJA)
, 176–177
Maney, Greg
, 1, 4–7, 15, 198, 204, 207, 213–214, 235
Maraş Katliamı (Maraş Massacre)
, 110
MARG (Women’s group sector)
, 169, 171, 175, 176
Marginalized voices, amplifying
, 226–227
Marxist
ideology
, 90
revolution
, 94–95
Mas’ha coalition
, 40, 41, 43–44, 46–51
paths and patterns
, 54–57
Mass mobilizations
, 20–21, 143–144
Material resources, deprivation of
, 144–145
Meso-level contextual factors
, 19–20
Military peace movement
, 110–111
Milli Görüş movement
, 121–122
Miraç Kandili, the
, 124–125
Mixed-method research designs
, 197–198
Moral authority
, 16–17, 27
“Moral dependence” of oppressors
, 136
Moviemento de Sacerdotes para el Tercer Mundo (MSTM)
, 98
Multiple memberships
, 122–123
Murals
, 13–14
academic analyses
, 15
Loyalist paramilitary murals
, 14–15, 24, 26, 27–28
mural-making
, 19
non-paramilitary-themed Murals on Peaceline
, 25
in Northern Ireland neighborhoods
, 13–16, 18–19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24–26, 29–31, 34, 237
paramilitary-themed murals, frame potency of
, 25–28
Republican and Loyalist paramilitary murals
, 24
See also Public symbolic displays (PSDs)
Muslim feminists in Indonesia
, 110–111
Narrative fidelity
, 16, 25–26
National Federation of Indian Women (NFIW)
, 172
National Liberation Army (ELN)
, 134–135, 136–138, 139–140, 144–145
National Organization of Women (NOW)
, 70
National Women’s Party
, 70
Negotiation
, 134, 140–142
Neoliberal Islamism
, 118–119
Nonviolent/nonviolence
, 6, 15–16, 20–21
resistance
, 135, 136, 137
revolutionaries
, 91
revolutions, religion in
, 91–96
Northern Ireland
, 19
Belfast Interface Project
, 23
Belfast/Good Friday Agreement (BGFA)
, 15, 27
conflict tourism in
, 20–21
political violence in
, 20
PSDs in
, 20–21, 22
Northern Ireland Multiple Deprivation Measure 2010 (NIMDM 2010)
, 23–24
Northern Ireland Mural Mapping Project (NIMMP)
, 15, 24, 28
Northern Ireland Peace Monitoring Report
, 23
Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA)
, 23–24
Palestinian Agricultural Relief Committees
, 45
Palestinian anti-occupation organizations
, 45–46
Palestinian Environmental NGO Network
, 45
Palestinian People’s Party
, 45
Palestinian Popular Committee of South Hebron Hills
, 45–46
Palestinian-Israeli anti-occupation camp
, 45–46
Palestinian-led camps
, 40–41
Palestinian-led joint
nonviolent movement
, 40, 52–53
struggle against wall
, 45
Paramilitary(ies)/paramilitarism
, 14, 18, 23, 24–25, 26, 27–30, 32–33, 134–135, 136–137, 146, 152
paramilitaries and peace
, 15–16
vigilantism
, 20–21
See also Murals; Public symbolic displays (PSDs)
Participation, defining
, 200
Participatory action research (PAR)
, 190
participatory inquiry
, 190
participatory research
, 189
Peace
culture
, 236, 242
paramilitaries and
, 15–16
peacelines
, 19, 23
non-paramilitary-themed Murals on
, 25
in West Belfast
, 30
peace movement organizations
, 6, 236
processes
, 18, 21, 27, 32, 34
territories
, 133–134, 135–136
civilians’ assertion of autonomy, responses to
, 140–142
civilians’ mass mobilizations, responses to
, 142–144
external scrutiny, responses to
, 145–147
potential deprivation of human and material resources, responses to
, 144–145
rhetorical traps, responses to
, 147–148
social distance pressure, responses to
, 148–149
Peasant Worker Association of the Carare River (ATCC)
, 133, 134–135, 137, 142–143, 145–146
and armed actors
, 148
assertion of autonomy
, 140
civilians and armed groups, relations between
, 139
People’s Liberation Army
, 139–140
Personal ties
, 165–166, 178–179
Philadelphia Mural Arts Program
, 35
Pious LGBT activism
, 110–111
Political context
of geospatial analysis
, 28–30
of PSDs
, 19–20
Political environment
, 160, 161–162
Political opportunity structure
, 161–162
Political polarization, implications for
, 127–128
Political violence
, 15, 17–18, 20
collective identities and
, 34
historicization
, 18
indiscriminate violence
, 104–105
in Northern Ireland
, 20
See also Armed actors; Radical flanks
Popular Committee of the South Hebron Hills
, 54, 59
Popular Revolutionary Army (ERP)
, 97–98
Principle of categorization
, 113
Pro-choice Catholics
, 110–111
Pro-life feminists
, 110–111
Pro-nuclear environmentalists
, 110–111
“Process of National Reorganization”
, 98
Professional intersections
, 219–221
Public Science Project
, 189–190
Public Spaces Survey
, 193, 194
Public symbolic displays (PSDs)
, 13–14
case selection
, 20–21
commemorative PSDs
, 25–26
findings
, 24–32
frame potency
, 16–20
Loyalist paramilitary PSDs
, 27–28
measures and data sources
, 22–24
meso-level contextual factors
, 19–20
multiple PSDs
, 25–26
non-paramilitary-themed PSDs
, 22, 29–30
and output areas by multi-deprivation measure level
, 31
and output areas by religious segregation level
, 33
painting paramilitaries and peace
, 15–16
paramilitary PSDs
, 15–16, 17–18, 27, 28–29, 30
paramilitary-themed PSDs
, 16
reframing strategies
, 18–19
Republican PSDs
, 25–26
research design
, 21–22
social context
, 19–20
ubiquitous PSDs
, 18
See also Murals
Radical flanks
, 94–95
negative flank effect
, 94–95
positive flank effect
, 94–95
violent flanks
, 94–95
See also Armed actors; Political violence
Radical reconstitution
, 81
Relationalism
, 3–4, 96
See also Collaboration; Cooperation; Social networks; Social ties
Religion
, 117–118
conscience face of
, 123
environmental factors
, 93–96
factors affecting religious elites’ willingness
, 104
as ideology
, 91
opium face of
, 123
relational ties to aggrieved population
, 96
religious ideologies
, 90–91
research design
, 96–97
in social movements and nonviolent revolutions
, 91–96
structural factors
, 93
Repression
, 20–21
state repression
, 95–96
Resource exchange
, 160–161
cooperation among New Delhi’s women’s groups
, 167–178
evolution of social ties
, 167–178
method and data collection
, 164–166
theories on cooperation and coalition formation
, 161–163
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)
, 134–135, 136–138, 139–140, 141–142, 150
Rhetorical traps, responses to
, 147–148
Roman Catholic population
, 97
Sabla Sangh (Women’s groups)
, 167–168, 172, 175
Sacred vs. profane framework
, 117–118
Saheli (Women’s groups)
, 167, 167–168, 171, 172, 173–174
Samaniego
, 137–138
armed actors’ decision
, 141
civilians and armed groups
, 139
residents
, 140–141, 144, 146, 148
“Sati”
, 165
anti-sati
agitation
, 177
signature campaign
, 176
Anti-Sati Act of 1987
, 176–177
Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act
, 176
Joint Action Committee Against Sati (JACAS)
, 176
Rani Sati Mandir Trust of Jhunjhunu
, 176–177
Sati Virodhi Sangharsh Samiti (SVSM)
, 176
Sisters opposing abusive relationships (SOAR)
, 189
Sivas Katliamı (Sivas Massacre)
, 110
Social boundaries, blurring
, 120–122
See also Boundary(ies)
Social distance pressure, responses to
, 148–149
Social movements
, 5, 6–7, 68–69, 94, 160, 203, 223–224, 238–240, 242
anti-occupation movement
, 51–52
Battered Women’s Movement
, 163
boundary blurring in
, 111–112, 114–115
coalitions
, 6
framing in
, 64–70
Hapa movement
, 115
heretical social movement
, 110–111
implications for
, 127–128
organizations
, 110–111, 115
Indian’s women’s movement
, 166, 171–172
literature
, 69–70, 125–126
messages
, 69
religion in
, 91–96
research
, 185
scholars
, 186
social movement organizations (SMOs)
, 63–64, 65, 66, 67–68, 76, 81
theory
, 217–218
See also Women’s movement
Social ties
, 41–42, 43, 45–46, 54, 55, 58, 121, 160–161, 165–166, 179–180
among women’s organization in New Delhi
, 170
with armed actors
, 152–153
and coalition formation
, 163, 166
cross-cleavage alliances
, 126–127
evolution of
, 167–178
mapping relevant actors and
, 167–171
See also Relationalism
Socialized heterofemininity
, 80
Society for Study of Social Problems (SSSP)
, 187, 188, 204
South Hebron Hills
, 45–46, 54
Strategic specialization
, 162–163
Stri Sangharsh (Women’s groups)
, 167–168, 172, 173, 174
Study of social problems (SSSP)
, 204
Sumud coalition
, 40, 41, 43–44, 45–47, 51–54, 58, 59
paths and patterns
, 54–57
Superior vs. inferior framework
, 117–118
Symbolic funeral prayer
, 124
Systematic alteration
, 81