Index
Non-State Violent Actors and Social Movement Organizations
ISBN: 978-1-78714-191-9, eISBN: 978-1-78714-190-2
ISSN: 0163-786X
Publication date: 18 April 2017
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2017), "Index", Non-State Violent Actors and Social Movement Organizations (Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, Vol. 41), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 319-329. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0163-786X20170000041008
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2017 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Abortion
, 218
Abortion ban, protests against
, 211
Activism
, 212
Actor-based approaches
, xii
Aggressive counterprotesters
, 17
Al Ard affair
, 183–184
Al-Qaeda
, 75
Anbar Awakening
, 79
Anbar province
incumbent forces
, 80
insurgent forces
, 78–79
Anti-Catholic prejudice
, 13
Anti-censor
, 218
Anti-censorship protests
, 219
Anti-globalization movement
, 280
Anti-poverty movement
, 298
Anti-poverty sites overall
, 302
Anti-war
, 218
movements
, 249
protests
, 211
Apprentice Boys of Derry
, 24
ATCC. See La Asociación de Trabajadores Campesinos del Carare (ATCC)
AUC. See Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC)
Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC)
, xi
Authoritarianism
, 211
regimes, movement structures
, 138
Baathist Arabization campaign
, 78
Battle of Bogside
, 24
Black activism
, 247
Black Lives Matter movement
, 280
Boundary deactivation
, 208, 209, 222
Campaigns
election
, 151, 165, 196
women’s movement
, 162
Case law book women
, 254
Centralization
, 144
Chaldo-Assyrian communities
, 96
Civil disobedience
, 154
Civilian combat readiness
, 19
Civil rights
, 249
campaign
, 21
contention
, 16
marchers
, 4
organization
, 4
reformism
, 25
Civil rights movement (CRM)
, 5, 13, 17, 19, 21, 296
contentious activities
, 20
conventional activities
, 20
Classic economic theory
, 121
Clientelism
, 112
Coalitional approach
, 285
Coalitional moments
, 285
Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA)
, 78
Collective actors, influence on cultural change
, 245
Collective identity
, 144
ethnic
, 176, 197
gender
, 154, 249, 251
youth
, 288, 291
Communication barriers, within movement
, 143
Conflict zones
, 121
Contention, emergence of
, 140–141
Contentious politics
, 178
militant activists, effect of
, 23
Corruption
, 119, 123
Countermovement activity
, 38
emergence, factors behind
, 8
oppositional mobilization support
, 8
sympathetic public attention
, 8
values threatened
, 8
ethnic vote
, 43
movement supporters
, 39
Countermovement studies
, 35–36
countermovement-movement interactions, role of
, 36
framing processes, role of
, 35
historical material, role of
, 35
mobilizing structures, role of
, 35
movement dynamics, role of
, 35
newspaper accounts, role of
, 35
political opportunities, role of
, 35
Count model technique
, 114
CPA. See Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA)
Critical community tactics
, 245
and cultural products
, 250
CRM. See Civil rights movement (CRM)
Cultural change
, 244
Death squads
, xi
Decentralization, political
, 183, 185, 191
Decision-making processes
, 207, 248
Deinstitutionalization, movement
, 175, 180, 182, 188–196
Democracy
, 207
Democracy deficit
, 119
Demonstrations
, 154
Derry Housing Action Committee
, 6
Differential recruitment
, 285
Disability diversity
, 269
Domestic terrorism
, 108, 116, 122
economic development, effect on
, 121
terror attacks
, 113–115, 122, 123
zero-inflated negative binomial regression analysis of
, 124
Economic indicator
, 121
Educational programs
, 246
Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN)
, xi
ELN. See Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN)
Environmentalists
, 227
protests
, 219
Environmental racism
, 287
Erratic mobilization
, 175
Erratic protest
, 194
Escalation, movement
, 194
Ethnic conflicts
, 174
Ethnic contention
, 176, 196
Ethnic democracy
, 175
Ethnic dominance
, 54
Ethnic identity
, 176, 197
Ethnic mobilization
, 174, 179
contentious politics, effect on
, 179
strategic theories of
, 197
theories of
, 176
Ethnic movements
, 179, 198
Ethnocracy
, 184
Ethno-nationalism
, 195
contention
, 175
deinstitutionalization
, 182, 188–196
of Palestinian citizens
, 182, 196–198
mobilization
, 175, 179
contentious politics and dynamics of
, 178–182
European Union
, 209
Fallujah and Tal Afar
, 95–97
insurgent caused civilian fatalities
, 96, 97
Family Protection Law, Iran
, 140
FARC. See Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC)
Fascist organization, Northern Ireland
, 14
Female law faculty
, 244
Feminisms
, 269
Feminist community
, 252
Feminist legal
activists
, 243
cultural products
, 253
articles in law reviews
, 254, 267
conferences
, 254, 262
law journal websites
, 255, 264, 268
legal books
, 254, 266
women and law courses
, 254
women’s law student organizations
, 253
data and methods
, 253–255
in institutional culture
, 245
mobilization in
, 244
within law schools
, 257
Feminist movement
, 287
Flash protests
, 154
Frame extension
, 286
Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC)
, xi
Gender equality
, 154, 249, 251
Gezi protest
, xvi, 205, 213
Global Terrorism Database (GTD)
, 114
Goodwin’s theory of categorical terrorism
, 74
Grassroots-based movement
, 152
Green movement
, 221
GTD. See Global Terrorism Database (GTD)
HDI. See Human Development Index (HDI)
Higher education
, 246
Hizbi-Kontra
, 47
Hizbullah
, 42–43
assassinations
, 45
countermovement killings
, 46
crimes against
, 40
impact of
, 34
and Islam
, 42
political identity
, 40
political killings
, 43
recruitment
, 42
Turkish civil war, role in
, 42
Turkish government, role of
, 40
violence
, 34
Human Development Index (HDI)
, 121
Human Rights Association
, 47
Hussein, Saddam
, 79
IBC. See Iraq Body Count (IBC)
IDEA. See Integrated Data for Events Analysis (IDEA)
Identity
alignment
, 286
amplification
, 287
bridging
, 281, 285
extension
, 287
transformation
, 287
Iftars
, 214
Incarceration
, 208
Indiscriminate violence
, 83
insurgent indiscriminate attacks, descriptive statistics
, 90
Institutionalization, movement
, 180, 198
coalition formation
, 181
movement
, 181
typology
, 180
See also Deinstitutionalization, movement
Integrated Data for Events Analysis (IDEA)
, 122
Intellectual struggle
, 251
Intersectionality
, 280
and coalitional work
, 282
and implied identities
, 298
and movements
, 294
SMOs
, 296
and SMO-affiliated websites
, 293
Intersectional recruitment
, 290
Intra-group solidarity
, 39
IRA. See Irish Republican Army (IRA)
Iranian movements
, 139
Iraq
American forces, role of
, 75
Arabization policies
, 77
armed conflict
, 71
Baathist period of governance
, 77
Baath party
, 79
contention, micro-level dynamics
, 71–74
conflict, relational approaches to
, 71–74
security concerns
, 71–74
territory, control of
, 71–74
ethnic cleavage
, 71
ethnic defection
, 71
ethnic enclave communities
Chaldo-Assyrian Christians
, 70
Turkmens
, 70
Yazidis
, 70
ethnic enclaves definition
, 84
ethnic war
, 71
Fallujah
, 84, 93
Hussein, Saddam
, 70, 79
Ninewa province
attacks against civilians, severity of
, 92
Chaldo-Assyrians
, 77
districts and enclave communities
, 76
incumbent forces
, 80
indiscriminate violence
, 90
insurgent attacks
, 93
insurgent forces
, 78–79
Turkmen
, 77–78
Yazidis
, 75–77
non-state violent actors
, xiv
political rivalries
, 73
protection rackets
, 73
suicide bombings
, 82
Tal Afar
, 84
tribal leaders
, 79
violence against civilians, patterns of
, 72, 74
war
bombing acts
, 86
civilian fatalities
vs. combatant
, 85
reported by IBC
, 88
ethnic enclaves definition
, 84
vs. other civil wars
, 82
See also Anbar province
Iraq Body Count (IBC)
, 71
Iraqi civilians
, 82
Iraqi enclave communities
, 70
Iraqi morgues
, 81
Iraqi national army
, 80
Ireland
partition
, 6
protestant and Irish-Catholic crowds, sectarian clashes
, 19
Irish-Catholic minority
, 6
Irish Republican Army (IRA)
, 7, 21
Islamic activists, Iran
, 152
Justice and Development Party
, 209
KDP. See Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP)
Kemalists
, 225
Kurdish autonomous region
, 74
Kurdish-backed political groups
, 74
Kurdish community
ethnic victimization
, 40
repression against
, 40
Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP)
, 76
Kurdish-Islamic group
, 40
Kurdish loyalties
, 34
political actors, impact of
, 34
Kurdish movement
detentions
, 41
ethnic celebrations
, 41
ethnic entrepreneurs, role of
, 41
ethnic party
, 40
movement party, as
, 40
Hizbullah, impact of
, 34
Hizbullah crimes against
, 40
political identity
, 40
Kurdish nationalism
, 34
Kurdish political party
, xiii
Kurdish regional militia (Peshmerga)
, 80
Kurds
, 34, 225
La Asociación de Trabajadores Campesinos del Carare (ATCC)
, xi
Labor movements
, 157
Ladies Day
, 257
Land Day
, 184–188, 194
Law. See Legal feminists
Law degrees received by women
, 1960–1999, 256
Law schools
, 244
culture, legal education
, 244, 253
women’s enrollment in
, 244
culture, prior to feminist mobilizing
, 255–269
Legal feminists
, 249, 252
See also Feminist legal activists
Legal scholarship
, 251
LGBT activists
, 247
LGBTQ movement
, 298
LGBTTQ community
, 205
Liberalism
, 156
Liberal organizations
, 156
Loyalist countermobilization
, 24
Loyalists
, 12, 17
Marginalization
, 6, 77, 178, 185, 190, 280, 282, 283, 300
Mass movement
, 205, 215
Mass protests
, 207
Micromobilization processes
, 37, 280
Minority rights
, 190
Mobilization
, 207, 244
micromobilization processes
, 37
strategies
, 174, 198
Movement
behavior
, 142
Civil Rights Movement (CRM)
, 5, 21
ethnic
, 35, 42, 48, 49
fractionalization
, 120, 187
Gezi movement
, 212, 213–215
initial movement strength
, 34–38, 46
Iranian student movements
, 138
Iranian women’s movements
, 138
Kurdish movement
, 34, 40–41, 211
movement–countermovement interactions
, 5, 7, 8, 9, 17, 19, 24–25, 26, 55, 56
networks
, 143
cliques
, 143, 144, 160, 164
polycephalous
, 143, 144
wheels
, 143, 144
noncentralized organizations
, 142, 164
Palestinian-Israeli movement
, 196
participants, ideological differences
, 143
polycentric
, 138, 145, 164
reticulated
, 138, 143, 144, 148
degree of
, 148
reticulated structure
, 138
Roma movement
, 197
segmented
, 138, 142
social movement organizations (SMOs)
, 142, 280
student movement activities
, 155–156, 177, 180
Tamil movement
, 197
women’s movement
, 160–164, 166
Narcoterrorism
, 115
Natural resources
and conflict
, 110–113
Network structure
, 143, 144, 146, 147, 150, 163, 166
social movements and
, 144
NICRA. See Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA)
Non-state actors (NSAs)
, xi, xii
challengers and change
, xvi–xvii
influence/adaptation in conflict environments
, xii–xvi
violent/nonviolent
, xvii
Non-state violent actors (NSVAs)
, xi
Nonviolent principles and practices
, 17
Northern Ireland
Cameron report
, 13
civil rights
and loyalist activities
, 18
countermobilization
, 7–10, 12–19
ethnonational identities
, 4, 22
inter-community relationships
, 13
intra-movement competition
, 22
Long March
, 4
loyalists
, 5, 8, 16
mobilized dissent and countermobilization
, xiii
nonviolent contention
, 15
political violence
, 5, 7–10
Protestant dominance
, 22
Protestant-Unionist community
, 12
public order
, 14
tactical opportunity
, 22
The Troubles
, 4
violent conflict
, 5
Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA)
, 6
Northern Ireland Parliament
, 20
NSAs. See Non-state actors (NSAs)
Object shift
, 5, 9, 10, 12, 19–20, 23, 25, 26
mechanism
, 9
mobilization, role in
, 9
tactical codependency, role in
, 9–10
Oil
curse
, 108
export revenue
, 111
extraction process
, 108, 111
industry
conflict, association between
, 108
domestic terrorism and
, 108, 114, 116, 122
funding
, 108
privatization
, 109
public-private joint ventures
, 109
ownership
, 109, 118
prices
, 109
production
, 110, 116
civil war, relation between
, 110
rents
, 108, 116–119, 122, 123
domestic terrorism and
, 113, 122
economy, effect on
, 116
state ownership of
, 117
reserves
, 109
revenue
, 108, 110
ownership structure, classification based on
, 109
states, democracy and economic growth
, 112
Palestinian collective
, 183
Palestinian Israeli
citizens, civic rights
, 184
collective
, 175
ethno-national identity
, 178, 191
mobilization
, 175, 178, 182, 187
Palestinian mobilization
, 184
PANDA database. See Protocol for Analysis of Nonviolent Direct Action (PANDA) database
Paramilitary
, 4, 5, 7, 24, 156
Party organization, Kurdish
, 62
PC-ACE. See Program for Computer-Assisted Coding of Events (PC-ACE)
Peaceful protest
, 222
Peace movement
, 283
Peace negotiations
, 211
Pedestrianization Project
, 228
People’s Democracy
, 4
Peshmerga
, 80
Police
brutality
, 17
violence
, 216
Polish regime
, 142
Political
activism
, 219
differences
, 214
fragmentation
, 209
mobilization
, 175
opportunity
, 119
polarization
, 210
prisoners
, 211
process theory
, 35
rights, 7-point indices of
, 119
socialization
, 288
stability
, 209
violence
, 19
Political opportunity structure (POS)
, 182, 184
of Israel’s composite regime
, 182
Political Terror Scale
, 120
Polycentric movement
, 143
Polycentric structure
, 138
POS. See Political opportunity structure (POS)
Pregnancy discrimination
, 251
Price shocks
, 111
Program for Computer-Assisted Coding of Events (PC-ACE)
, 11
PRONI. See Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI)
Protest
, 52, 53, 62, 63, 66
August marching season
, 24
behavior
, 37
British crown
, 6
challenge to Protestant-unionist hegemony
, 14
civil rights
, 20
cultural perspectives
, 207
demobilization of protesters
, 18
emotions and experiences
, 208, 222
ethnic party, in TBMM
, 41
events
analysis
, 11
violent state repression in
, 217
Gezi protests
, 206, 209, 210, 212, 213, 220, 223, 229
by government officials and loyalists
, 7
Green Movement
, 167
interactions
, 15
conflict
, 15
marched
, 15
rally
, 15
Irish-Catholic crowds
, 19
Israeli security force operations
, 189
job insecurity and subcontractor regulations
, 211
Ladies Day
, 258
Land Day
, 186
loyalist movement
, 16
nonviolent protest activities
, 154
Palestinian land
Israel
, 185
Poland
, 142
Protest Event Analysis
, 11
scale shift
, 220
songs
, 247
street
, 41
Protestant nature of Northern Ireland
, 13, 22
Republican rallies and May 1 protest
, 217
Protestant
, 5, 16, 19
unionist hegemony
, 14
Protocol for Analysis of Nonviolent Direct Action (PANDA) database
, 122
Public demonstrations
, 247
Public meetings
, 223
Public Order Act
, 18
Public order disruptions
, 21
Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI)
, 12
30 years rule
, 12
QNA. See Quantitative narrative analysis (QNA)
Quantitative narrative analysis (QNA)
, 5, 11
Racial justice
, 280
Radical contention
, 9
Radical Islamic group
, 34
Radicalization mechanism
, 19–24, 179
object shift
, 19–21
tactical codependency
, 21–24
Rebel funding
, 110
Repression
, 7, 9, 141, 205, 208
non-state actors
, 7
state actors
, 7
Republicanism
, 210
Republican People’s Party
, 210
Republican rallies, Turkish
, 219
Resource abundance
, 110, 116
civil violence, contributing factor
, 110
Resource revenue
, 111
Resource wealth
maldistribution of
, 111
Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC)
, 6, 14, 17, 21
RUC. See Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC)
Scale shift
, 208
Secularism
, 218
Selective violence
, 83
Serial autocorrelation
, 114
Sex discrimination
, 256
in employment
, 251
in law
, 251
Sexual harassment
, 225, 251
SHP. See Social Democratic People’s Party (SHP)
SMO. See Social movement organizations (SMO)
Social Democratic People’s Party (SHP)
, 44
Social equality
, 6
Social justice
, 281
Social media
, 228
Social movement
, 35, 144, 174, 176–178, 177, 205, 244, 250–252, 280, 288
activism
, 248
actors
, 143
collective identity formation in
, 252
cultural perspectives
, 207
ethnic movements
, 177
to mobilize resources
, 21
organizations and structure
, 142–144
in politics
, 7, 35, 304
recruitment
, 280, 283–284
theories
, 55
threat
, 55
Social movement organizations (SMO)
, xvii, 142, 280
data
, 289–292
and intersectionality
, 281–283, 284–287
role of
, 142
and structure
, 142–144
Social networks
, 281
Soft repression
, 257
Solidarity
, 207, 209, 226
Spirit of Gezi
, 214, 226
Street demonstrations
, 18
Student movement, Iranian
, 139, 145, 155, 159
authority
, 151, 158
network
, xv, 150
reticulation
, 149, 156
segmentation
, 149, 156
structure
, 145
Student organizations, United States
, 258
Sunni Arabs
, 74
Tactical adaptation
, 10
Tactical codependency
, 5
Taksim Pedestrianization Project
, 213
Terrorism
, 100
categorical
, 71, 74, 80, 81
domestic
, 108, 112, 116, 121–122
economic development, effect on
, 121
terror attacks
, 113–115, 122, 123
zero-inflated negative binomial regression analysis of
, 124
Global Terrorism Database (GTD)
, 114
narcoterrorism
, 115
TIHV. See Turkey Human Rights Association (TIHV)
Transgressive contention
, 175, 179, 189, 196
Turkey
civil war
, 39
countermovement consolidation
, 53
countermovement killings
, 46, 47, 51
countermovement studies
, 35–36
countermovement victims
, 47
1991 election
, 42
elections
, 42
electoral preferences
, 52
ethnic dominance
, 49
initial movement strength
, 46
insurgent attacks
, 52
intra-Kurdish rivalry
, 40
Islamic order
, 40
Islamist vote
, 48
Kurdish movement
, 40–41
Hizbullah as countermovement
, 42–43
Kurdistan Workers’ Party
, 39
movement-countermovement interaction
disaggregation
, 45–46
elections
, 42
ethnic vote
, 43–45
movement killing
, 49–52
movement support, dynamics of
, 52–55
Movement Party
, 51, 53
1994 municipal election
, 44
Nevrouz celebrations
, 42
political participation
, 49
state of emergency (OHAL region)
, 41
street mobilizations
, 42
unemployment
, 54
Welfare Party (RP)
, 48
Turkey Human Rights Association (TIHV)
, 47
Turkish Grand National Assembly
, 41
Turkish migration
, 78
Turkmen
, 77–78
community division
, 78
Violence
, 208
Violent contention
, 9
Vuong tests
, 114
WDMIP. See World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples (WDMIP)
“Women and the law” courses
, 259–261
Women’s activism, Iran
, 162
Women’s equality
, 140
Women’s law association
, 254
student organizations
, 1960–1999, 259
Women’s movement, Iran
, 141, 145, 152, 153, 159, 160, 163
authority
, 154, 164
campaigns
, 162
internet in
, 162
network analysis of
, 145
network structure of
, 163
Wooldridge test
, 114
World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples (WDMIP)
, 74
Yazidis
, 75–76
Zoroastrianism
, 76
- Prelims
- Section I: Non-State Actors: Influence and Adaptation in Conflict Environments
- Hostile Countermobilization and Political Violence: Loyalist Contention and Radicalization in Northern Ireland, 1968–1969
- Killing the Movement: How Islam Became a Rival of Ethnic Movement in Turkey, 1991–2002
- Patterns of Violence Directed against Civilians in Small Ethnic Enclaves during War in Iraq (2003–2009)
- Oil Ownership and Domestic Terrorism
- Movement Structure in an Authoritarian Regime: A Network Analysis of the Women’s and Student Movements in Iran
- Protests or Parliaments: The Politics of Deinstitutionalization and the Mobilization of the Palestinian Citizens of Israel
- When Does Repression Trigger Mass Protest? The 2013 Gezi Protests
- Section II: Non-State Actors: Challengers and Change
- Targeting Culture: Feminist Legal Activists and Critical Community Tactics
- Recruiting Inclusiveness: Intersectionality, Social Movements, and Youth Online
- About the Authors
- Index