Academic studies of leadership

, 80–81

Accidental clique

, 91

Advanced capitalism

, 44–45, 184–185

Affect

, 44–45, 57–58, 79–80, 86, 91, 94–95, 159

Affective labour

, 94–96

Agony of the American Left (Lasch)

, 12–13, 118

Alternative temporalities

, 62–63, 97

American bombing in Vietnam

, 22–23

American Marxism

, 13–14

American politics

, 33, 83

American socialism

, 12–13

Anarchists

, 89

Anger

, 111

Anti-colonial nationalists

, 82

Anti-globalisation

, 12, 37, 89, 113–114, 178–179, 186

Anti-leadership views

, 90

Approaching Great Transformation, The (2013)

, 38–39

Archetypal sacrifice

, 41–42

Army ‘information centres’

, 16–17

Audience labour

, 17–18, 60–61, 163–165

Authoritarian administration

, 53–54, 57

Autonomists

, 89

Autonomous Black liberation movement

, 15

Autonomy

, 11, 13–14, 45, 51, 75, 82–85, 91, 118, 127, 132–134, 155–156, 166, 171–172, 186

Berkeley: The New Student Revolt

, 27

Biolabour process

, 17–18, 65–66, 86, 185

Black Liberation Army

, 15, 18, 100–102, 120–121, 152, 154–155

Black Lives Matter (BLM)

, 7, 12, 62–63, 110–111, 113–114, 174, 176–177, 186

Black Panther Party (BPP)

, 15, 127, 152–153, 157

Black Power

, 15, 19–21, 151, 187, 190

circles

, 20

intellectuals

, 12–13

militants

, 23

orientation

, 14–15

Black struggle

, 151, 154

Bonapartism theory

, 75–76

Bottom up alliances

, 168

Bradford uprising

, 57

Bridge leaders

, 74–75, 78, 84–85

Brigades

, 76, 124–125

Bureaucratisation

, 75–76, 80

Californian ideology

, 30–31, 51

Capitalism

, 1, 6, 9, 14, 32–35, 38–39, 43–44, 47, 57–63, 65, 69, 71–72, 87, 93, 97, 102, 145, 182–183, 186

Capitalist accumulation

, 30–31, 163–164

Capitalist hierarchies

, 58–59

Catholic Worker movement

, 80

Centrality of charismatic leadership

, 79

Charisma

, 2, 8, 25–26, 42, 74–75, 77–78, 80–86, 90, 104–105, 122–123

Charisma-driven authoritarian rule

, 7

Charismatic intellectuals and radicals

, 85

Charismatic leaders

, 74–75, 77–83, 162

Charismatic leadership

, 74–75, 77, 79–83, 85–86, 89, 91

Charismatic organisation

, 79–80

Charismatic socialism

, 83

Chicago Coliseum SDS Convention (1969)

, 18–19

Chicago Democratic convention (1968)

, 21–23, 118–119, 123–124, 128–129

Churches

, 76, 83, 148–149

Civil rights movement

, 12, 14–15, 20, 23, 40–41, 81, 100–101, 104, 119

Class

, 53, 84–85

consciousness

, 68–70

formation

, 71–72

Class-interest reductionism

, 77

Classical totalitarianism

, 57–59

Climate change

, 3, 11, 27, 35, 47, 106, 112, 135, 137–138

Climate crisis

, 12, 35–36, 61, 134–135

Coalition politics

, 77, 85–86

Coercion

, 76

COINTELPRO

, 14, 21

campaign

, 162–163

destabilisation

, 23

operations

, 84

Collaborative web

, 29

‘Collaborative’ economy

, 8, 58–59

‘Collaborative’ usages

, 3

Colonial psychology

, 21

Color of Law, The (2017)

, 24–25

Commons-based peer production movements

, 91

Communist Internationalist approach

, 18

Computerisation

, 8, 17–18, 27, 35, 37–39, 43, 45–47, 49–50

Consciousness

, 18, 34, 66–68, 97, 184–185

false

, 70–71

in Luxemburg

, 70

Cooptation of identity-based social movements

, 92

Corporate platform governance

, 87–88

Corruption

, 32–33, 76, 186

Counterculture

, 6, 26–27, 47, 55–56, 103, 155–156, 158, 160–164, 191

Crisis of trust in democratic institutions

, 35–36

Cross-fertilisation of temporalities in intermediation

, 185–193

Crypto-hierarchical movements

, 84

Cultural industrialisation

, 1

Cyberconflict

, 1

Cyberspace and the American Dream

, 46–47

Days of Rage

, 18–19, 98–99, 103, 119–122, 125, 127, 148–155, 160–162, 164–165

Deideologization

, 14

Democratic centralism

, 75–76

Democratic consolidation

, 84

Diagonal movements

, 3, 185

DigiGen study

, 144–145

Digital activism

, 1–2, 12, 55–56, 88, 93, 145, 186

Digital intermediation platforms

, 2–3, 59–60, 192

Digital networks

, 7, 59, 65–66, 86, 97, 144–145, 179, 186

Digital political culture

, 12, 55–56

Digital technology

, 50–51, 87, 92–93

Digitalisation of society

, 46

Distributed leadership

, 89

Divergent temporalities, leadership across

, 181–185

Dominant ideologies

, 184–185

Doors of Perception, The (Huxley)

, 27–28

Downright military action

, 57

Dual strategy

, 168–169

Dutch labour movement

, 82–83

Ecologists

, 89, 130

organisations

, 37–38

Economic Research and Action Project (ERAP)

, 14–15

Effective leaders

, 79

Emmanuel Macron’s La République en Marche

, 3

Encadrement class

, 5–6, 26, 43–44, 49–51, 182–183

External leadership(see also Internal leadership)

, 8, 63–64, 145, 147

importance of ‘negative’ mediations

, 160–167

juxtaposing 1960s external leadership to contemporary context

, 167–179

media strategies

, 154–159

using solidarity, building coalitions, networking with allies

, 147–154

Extinction Rebellion (XR)

, 6–7, 12, 62–63, 106, 112, 136, 141, 171–173

False consciousness

, 8, 66, 69–72, 86, 97

Fascist mentality

, 21

Federal Housing Administration

, 24–25

Feminists

, 89, 119, 130

scholarship

, 74–75

Financial crisis

, 35–36

Flying Close to the Sun

, 100, 117–119

Food crisis

, 35–36

Fractal leadership(see also Movement leadership)

, 1–2, 4–6, 65–66

ideologisation and leadership on digital networks

, 86–97

ideologisation process and temporality

, 66–72

juxtaposing ideologisation

, 97–114

theoretical and historical development of scholarship

, 72–86

Free Speech Movement

, 16, 27, 29–32, 154–155

French May 1968 movement

, 158–159

French social security system

, 48

French-tech

, 52

Friends of the Earth

, 34, 37–38, 171

Gender

, 46, 74–75, 84–85, 110, 186

Genocidal drive

, 30–31

German New Left movement

, 129

German SDS

, 45, 120–121

Gezi Park protests

, 86

Gig economy

, 5

Glassfrog.com

, 140

Global economic slump

, 35–36

Global pandemic

, 47, 62–63

Google, Amazon, Facebook Apple, Microsoft (GAFAM)

, 3–4, 59

Greenhouse gas effects

, 35

Greening of America, The (1970)

, 34

Greenpeace

, 37–38, 106

Hard Times Conference (1976)

, 19, 130, 152–154

Hegemony

, 69, 76

Heretical ideas

, 17–18

Héroïsme et Victimisation, une Histoire de la Sensibilité (Apostolides)

, 41

Heterarchic movements

, 75, 84–85, 89

Hierarchical firms

, 51

Historical analysis

, 9, 13–14, 102

Holacracy

, 114, 133, 140, 145, 186

Horizontal aspirations to fractal leadership

agency, action & order of dissent

, 187

cross-fertilisation of temporalities in intermediation

, 185–193

juxtaposing leadership temporalities

, 188–190

leadership across divergent temporalities

, 181–185

orders of dissent

, 186

Horizontalism

, 85–86, 91–93, 114, 133–135, 145, 186

Ideological production

, 1–3, 9, 26–27, 41–42, 47–48, 60, 94–97, 127–128, 132, 147, 155–156, 179

Ideologisation

, 7–9, 11, 63–66, 70–72, 86, 97, 166, 185, 192

in contemporary movements

, 105–113

on digital networks

, 86–97

processes

, 9, 66, 72

transformation

, 65–66

Ideology

, 3, 7, 9, 12, 14, 20, 52, 57–58, 65–67, 70–72, 80–81, 93, 105, 113, 122, 131–132, 137–138, 157–158, 167–169, 183–185

Imperium

, 72

Industrialisation

, 1, 17, 43

Infinite Detail

, 192

Information technology

, 38–39, 92–93

Institutional racism

, 110–111, 141–142

Insurgency groups

, 1

Internal colony

, 18, 20, 100–101, 103, 131

Internal leadership

, 63–64, 114–115, 186

absence of leadership

, 128–132

communication aspects

, 138–145

internal struggles and relations of production

, 117–124

juxtaposing 1960s internal leadership to contemporary context

, 132–145

managing and mobilising inside organisations

, 124–128

organisational aspects

, 133–138

International Workers of the World (IWW)

, 13–14

Internet

, 54–55, 58–59, 93, 113, 139, 144–145

Intersectional politics

, 118

Journal de Californie (1970)

, 30

Kewadin SDS Convention (1965)

, 117

Knowledge economy

, 16–17

La Face Cachée du Numérique (Flipo)

, 35–36, 38–39

Latin American social movements

, 91

Le Rock, Star-system et Société de Consommation (Buxton)

, 42

Leaders

, 75, 79–80, 84, 89

Leadership

, 1–2, 7, 31, 73, 84–85, 192

on digital networks

, 86–97

across divergent temporalities

, 181–185

emergence

, 65

functions

, 78

mediation

, 7

in social movements

, 72–86

Leninism

, 75–76

Leninist approach

, 75–76

Liberal democracies

, 47–48

Making of a Counter Culture, The

, 34

Male leadership

, 74–75, 90–91, 118–119

Maoist approaches

, 76

Maoist doctrine

, 18

Maoist movement

, 123–124, 182–183

Marxist approaches

, 75–76

Mass line politics

, 76

Mass party approach

, 75–76

Mass politics

, 81–82

Mass-sacrificial spectacle

, 41–42

Massively multiplayer online games

, 36–37

Material effectivity

, 2, 185

Max Weber’s theory of charismatic leadership

, 80

May 1972 bombing of Pentagon

, 28–29

Media

, 24–25, 28, 51, 76, 186, 191

community

, 32–33

digital

, 106–107

freedom

, 40

local

, 142

mainstream

, 12–13, 15, 143

social

, 36, 86–88, 140–141, 143

storage

, 88

strategies

, 154–159

technologies

, 47

Mediation

, 2, 6, 147

leadership

, 7–8, 63–64, 191

negative

, 172, 186

Miami trial (1970)

, 43

Micro-blogging

, 36–37

Military draft centres

, 15

Military funded research labs

, 16–17

Mother of All Demos event of 1968

, 28

Movement, The (Unger)

, 27

Movement leadership

, 11, 25–26, 63–64, 76, 78, 181, 192–193

counterculture, computerisation and climate change

, 27–47

dispersion and recycling of radical politics

, 12–27

juxtaposing 1960s and contemporary temporalities

, 62–64

neoliberal crisis, platform capitalism and global pandemic

, 47–62

Multimodal critical discourse analysis

, 9

Mutuality

, 44, 91

Narratives

, 46, 78–79

National Conference on New Politics (NCNP)

, 152

National Mobilization Committee

, 128–129, 150

Natural laws

, 69

‘Negative’ mediations, importance of

, 147, 160, 167

Neoliberal crisis

, 47–62

Networks

, 2, 8, 29–30, 33, 37–38, 87, 91, 186

digital

, 7–8, 59, 65–66

material

, 9

social

, 50–51

Neutralisation

, 1, 45, 90, 132, 164–165

of counter-cultural figures

, 1

oppositional politics

, 7

of radical organisations

, 21

New Left

, 5–6, 13–14, 16–17, 166, 181–182, 184–185

characteristics

, 20

emergence

, 115

militants

, 39–40

preoccupation

, 25–26

strands

, 19

student activists

, 5–6

study

, 116

New Morning: Changing Weather

, 34–35, 122, 126, 153

New Nation

, 118, 181–182

Non-authoritative chiefs

, 75

Non-hierarchical movements

, 84, 91–92, 184–185

Nouveaux mouvements sociaux (Touraine)

, 27

Open frontier

, 30–31

OpenOffice

, 139

Operation Abolition

, 160

Oppositional movement

, 1–2

Oppressed groups

, 77–78

Organic intellectuals

, 76, 85–86

Organisational fluidity

, 91

Park People

, 128–129

‘Participatory democratic’ forms of organisation

, 31–32

Participatory leaderlessness

, 92–93

‘Participatory’ usages

, 3

Patronage

, 57–58, 76, 80

People of colour

, 33

Physical materiality

, 88

Platform capitalism

, 47, 62, 87, 97

Political alienation

, 71

Political consciousness

, 3, 65–66, 70–71, 161–162, 185

Political economy of communications

, 36

Political identity problem

, 167, 169

Political idiocy

, 125

Political leadership

, 1–2, 5, 8, 42, 75–76, 192

Political revolution

, 102–103, 183–184

Political-artistic critique

, 44–45

Polycentric movements

, 89

Poor People’s Campaign

, 23

Populism

, 12–13, 77, 83–84, 88, 134–135

Port Huron Statement

, 14–15, 17–18, 56, 117

Post-human capitalism

, 88

“Post-scarcity” societies

, 26–27

Post-structuralist theoretical ramblings

, 184

Powerless Elite, The (2007)

, 42

‘Pragmatist’ liberalism

, 14

Prairie Fire

, 19, 29–30, 127–130, 150

Prairie Fire Organizing Committee

, 19, 130, 153–154, 162–163

Prairie-power

, 117–118

Progressive Labour (PL)

, 18, 39–40, 123, 152

Prophetic leaders

, 79–80

Protest

, 1, 3, 5, 7, 11–15, 22, 41–44, 55–56, 63–64, 89, 101–102, 174–175, 186

Psychedelic dream

, 6, 28, 43–44

Psychedelic Reader, The (1965)

, 27–28

Psychoanalytic theories

, 75

‘Public choice’ theorists

, 24–25

Public organizations

, 128

Public-facing leaders

, 78

Race

, 53, 74–75, 84–85, 111–114, 175, 186

Radical leadership

, 65, 160

Radical political leadership

, 8, 192

Radical politics

, 1, 8

dispersion and recycling of

, 12–27

failure of

, 134–135

neutralisation

, 7

Radical youth activism

, 12

Reification

, 71, 166

Revolution in the Revolution

, 129–130

Revolutionary movement

, 1–2, 9, 25, 115–116, 125–126, 166, 185, 190, 192

Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM)

, 18, 123

Ritualization of charisma

, 82

Rote Armee Fraktion

, 129

‘Rule of law’, the

, 33

Ruling-class power

, 76

San Francisco attack

, 120–121

Schizophrenics

, 71

Scholarship

, 65, 114

feminist

, 74–75

leadership

, 86

psychoanalytic

, 85–86

theoretical and historical development of

, 72–86

Scientific Marxism

, 68–70

Self-aggrandisement

, 4

Self-representation

, 147

Sharing economy

, 1, 50–51, 58–59

Situational or managerial model of charisma

, 74

Slavery

, 30–31

Social cohesion

, 35–36

Social function of celebrities

, 42

Social movements

, 1, 7–8, 11, 31–32, 54–55, 57, 65–66, 91–92, 135, 168, 186

diverse temporalities

, 9

ideologisation process and demands

, 113

leadership

, 72–86

strategy

, 169

theory

, 73–74

Social-democratic orators

, 81

Socialism

, 12–14, 39, 47–48, 56, 80–81, 83, 136, 162–163, 191

Spending ministries

, 53–54

Spontaneity

, 6, 43, 70, 91

Start-up parties

, 3, 192

State public service

, 48–49, 191

Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

, 14–15

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

, 12, 14–15, 118

leadership

, 18

Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA)

, 181–182

Teenyboppers

, 163–164

Tel Quel

, 183–184

Temporalisation

, 71, 98

Temporality

, 65–66, 72, 88, 145, 179, 185

Thatcherism/Reaganism

, 83

Theory development

, 7, 17–18, 164–165

Third World anti-imperialist fighters

, 23

Top-down alliances

, 168

Trade unions

, 53, 73–74, 147–148, 168, 186

Transactional leadership theory

, 73

Travelling evangelists

, 89

Underground movement

, 24–25, 84–85, 149

Ungovernability

, 45

Unions

, 76

Vanguardism

, 75–76, 90

Vermittlung

, 2, 132

Verticalist organisations

, 91

Violent policing

, 57, 160–161

Weather Bureau

, 25, 101, 121, 124, 126–127, 153

Weather Underground Organization (WUO)

, 12, 19, 35, 98, 100, 103, 116, 122, 124, 126–131, 153–156, 159, 161–163, 166–167, 178

Welfare state

, 48, 114

Western societies

, 4–5, 26, 137–138, 184–185

Whistle-blowing

, 12, 55–56, 145, 186

Whole Earth Catalog

, 29–30, 40, 50–51, 116, 155

Whole Earth Electronic Link (WELL)

, 50–52

WWF

, 37–38

Yale school of criticism

, 184–185

Youth for Climate

, 7