Index

Citation

Hayes, R.M. (2023), "Index", Defining Rape Culture: Gender, Race and the Move Toward International Social Change (Emerald Studies in Criminology, Feminism and Social Change), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 157-162. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80262-213-320231009

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2023 Rebecca M. Hayes

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INDEX

Ableism

, 50

Active-duty research

, 90

Adversarial systems

, 97

African Black women

, 16

Aggrieved entitlement

, 17

Alcohol

, 82

Alleged progressive legal and policy reform

, 96–97

Ambivalent sexism

, 47

theory

, 46

Amnesty International

, 31

Anglophone Caribbean

, 95

sexual violence laws

, 95

Asian American women

, 50

Associated Press

, 109

AT&T

, 59

Benevolent sexism

, 46–47, 59

Betrayal trauma theory

, 79

Bi-women

, 50

Biological sex

, 20

Black femininity

, 12

Black sport

, 87

Black woman

, 25

rape of

, 13

Body, social construction of

, 20–24

British Crime Survey

, 32

Brock Turner and Chanel Miller sexual assault

, 44

Bystander intervention

, 119

Cancel culture

, 44

Capitalism

, 13

Caribbean islands

, 37–38

Catholic church, The

, 91

Christianity

, 14

Cinema, feminist pushback on gender representations in

, 74

Cisgender and heterosexual men (Cis–het men)

, 9, 113

Classic patriarchy

, 9, 14

conceptualization

, 10

Coital imperative

, 20

Colonialism

, 13, 39

Colonialist patriarchy on rape laws, impact of

, 94

Colonization

, 14, 38

Colorism

, 12–13, 29–30

Commodification

, 49

Community-based research

, 119

Complementary sexism

, 46

Concrete ceiling

, 115

Confucian cultural ideologies

, 38

Confucianism

, 14

Consciousness raising groups as online spaces

, 120–122

Consent

, 111

Consent education

, 122–123

issues with

, 122–124

Corrective rape

, 50

Cosmetic surgery

, 49

Court, rape cultures impact in

, 97–99

Criminal legal process

, 2, 98, 105

Criminal legal system

, 77, 93, 98, 109, 115, 117, 125

alleged progressive legal and policy reform

, 96–97

impact of colonialist patriarchy on rape laws

, 94

policing and prison as microcosms of rape culture in USA

, 108–110

prosecutorial attrition

, 100–103

rape case attrition, victim credibility, and rape myths

, 99

rape culture elements and first responders

, 104–108

rape cultures impact in court

, 97–99

rape laws and policies

, 93–94

Criminologists

, 12

Critical race theory

, 114

Criticism

, 73

Cultivation theory

, 56–57

Decision making process

, 106

Dehumanization

, 46

Democratic Republic of Congo

, 29

Dress codes

, 35

Empathy

, 112–113

Exoticization

, 48

Female bodies

, 22

Femininity

, 15, 40

Feminists

, 12, 74

criminological approach

, 38

pushback on gender representations in cinema

, 74

pushback on sexual objectification

, 75–76

researchers

, 29

scholars

, 20

Feminization

, 21

Fetishization

, 48–49

Flipping rape script

, 120–122

4chan

, 58

Framing

, 56

Fraternities

, 82–85

Friend-zoning

, 17

Game of Thrones

, 70

Gay

, 18

Gender

, 18, 20, 34

binary

, 10

fluid

, 3

gender-centered theories

, 9

hierarchy

, 74, 88

perception

, 41

queer

, 3

role expectations

, 40

stereotypes

, 106

symmetry argument

, 27

Gendered criminal laws

, 95

Glass ceiling concept

, 114

Glass cliff concept

, 114

Global white supremacy

, 16

Good Old Boys club

, 18

Grocotts Mail

, 63

Grooming

, 53

Hardening strategies

, 118

Healthy masculinity

, 112, 119

Hegemonic masculinity

, 15, 18, 22, 43, 82, 86, 112–113

Heteronormativity

, 19–20

Heterosexist expectation

, 17

Himpathy concept

, 17, 122

Hip Hop

, 67

Hispanic

, 4

Homicide

, 121

Homophobia

, 18

Homosexual sex

, 21

Honorable brutus concept

, 17

Hostile sexism

, 46–47

Hypermasculinity

, 112

Ideal victim

, 1, 40, 61

Image-based sexual abuse

, 58

Image-based sexual exploitation

, 26

Implicit racial bias

, 114

Incel

, 58

Indian Penal Code

, 94

Indigenous societies

, 14

Infotainment

, 57

Instagram

, 57

Institutional betrayal

, 51–52, 79, 81, 92

Institutional gaslighting

, 51

Institutional sexual assault and betrayal contributing to secondary victimization

, 77–80

Institutions

, 125

Intergenerational transmission of trauma

, 28

Intergenerational trauma

, 28

Internalized sexism

, 18

International reach of rape culture

cultural differences in normalizing sexual violence

, 34–35

cultural patterns and differences regarding sexual violence reporting

, 35–37

cultural variation in definitions of sexual violence and reporting

, 31–34

elements of rape culture

, 40

global impact of patriarchy and gendered hierarchy

, 37–40

sexual objectification and objectification

, 46–50

trivialization of rape and denial of widespread rape

, 50–53

victim blaming

, 40–46

Intersectional approach

, 11

Intersectional criminology

, 11

Intersectionality

, 11–20, 29

Intimate partner violence (IPV)

, 57

Junk science

, 103

Just world belief

, 44

Just world theory

, 41

Keyboard warrior

, 120

Law enforcement victim blaming

, 104–108

Leaders

, 59

Legacy media

, 55

Legalization

, 124

LGBTQIA+ people

, 19

Madonna/Whore complex

, 23, 64

Male gaze

, 50

Male peer support

, 86

model

, 18, 114

theory

, 17–18

Male supremacy

, 13

Marginalized groups

, 80

Masculinity

, 16, 18, 82, 111–112

Media

, 2, 38

challenge to rape culture and subsequent pushback

, 70–72

feminist pushback on gender representations in cinema

, 74–76

feminists

, 74, 120

impact on rape culture

, 61–65

#Metoo’s Legacy

, 72–74

and potential impact

, 55–58

reinforcement of rape culture

, 58–61

sexual objectification

, 65–68

trivialization of rape and denial of widespread rape

, 68–70

Medical profession

, 104–108

Men

, 4

superiority

, 11

#MeToo movement

, 15, 72–74, 121

Micro-systems

, 17

Microcosms of rape culture

, 52, 108

catholic church/religion

, 91

college/universities

, 80–82

fraternities and rape culture

, 82–85

institutional sexual assault and betrayal contributing to secondary victimization

, 77–80

military and rape culture

, 88–91

sports and rape culture

, 85–88

Microcosms of rape culture in USA, policing and prison as

, 108–110

Military

, 89

Military sexual assault

, 90

Misogyny

, 39, 58

Moral panic

, 73

Music Television (MTV)

, 64

Muslims

, 42

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

, 32

National Family Health Survey in India

, 33

New media

, 55

New York Times (NYT)

, 62

News

, 61

media

, 60, 121

Non-binary

, 3

#NotAllMen

, 15

Objectification

, 46–50, 109

Obligatory sex

, 29

Online activism

, 71

Participatory action research

, 117

Patriarchal bargains

, 14

Patriarchal ideology

, 10, 115

Patriarchal structures

, 9

Patriarchy

, 8, 11–20, 31, 35, 125

classic

, 9

concept of

, 9

dismantling

, 111–114

rape culture and

, 7–11

Policing

, 109

and prison as microcosms of rape culture in USA

, 108–110

Popular criminology

, 56

Pornography

, 66

Poverty

, 13

Power

, 21

Prison

, 110

officials

, 109

policing and prison as microcosms of rape culture in USA

, 108–110

rape

, 69

Procedural justice

, 105, 116

Prosecutorial attrition

, 100

Prosecutorial discretion

, 100

Public spaces

, 26

Qualitative research

, 106

Race/ethnicity

, 36

Racism

, 13, 29–30, 50

Radical feminists

, 120

argument

, 27

Rape

, 7, 33

apologists

, 87

baiting

, 82

case attrition

, 99–103

impact of colonialist patriarchy on rape laws

, 94

reform

, 115–117

supportive culture

, 8

trivialization of rape and denial of widespread rape

, 50–53, 68–70

Rape culture

, 1, 7–8, 20, 31, 82–88, 111, 121, 127

components

, 31

elements and first responders

, 104

impact in court

, 97–99

intersectionality and patriarchy

, 11–20

media’s reinforcement of

, 58–61

medical profession and law enforcement victim blaming

, 104–108

and patriarchy

, 7–11

policing and prison as microcosms of rape culture in USA

, 108–110

social construction of body, sex, and sex work

, 20–24

social construction of rape

, 24–30

Rape myths

, 41, 89, 99–103, 106

acceptance

, 42, 105

education

, 111

rape myths/rape supportive attitudes

, 43

Real rape

, 96

Reddit

, 58

Regrettable sex

, 80

Reporting process

, 93

Restorative justice (RJ)

, 115–116

Second Wave Feminism movement

, 8

Secondary victimization

, 92, 103–104

institutional sexual assault and betrayal contributing to

, 77–80

Self-sexualization

, 48

Serial

, 57

Sex

, 20, 82

sells

, 49

social construction of

, 20–24

workers

, 99, 124

Sex positivity

, 123

decriminalizing sex work as

, 124–125

Sex work decriminalization

issues with

, 122–124

as sex positivity

, 124–125

Sexed criminal laws

, 95

Sexual assault

, 80

prevention programming

, 118–119

programs

, 119

research

, 32

Sexual Assault Response Teams (SARTs)

, 118

Sexual entitlement

, 39, 43

Sexual harassment

, 25, 112

Sexual misconduct

, 109

Sexual objectification

, 46–50, 65–68

pushback on

, 75–76

Sexual Offense Prevention Policy

, 123

Sexual violence

, 25, 33–34, 39–40, 78, 116

addressing sexual violence prevention and response programs

, 115–117

aspect of

, 27

continuum

, 34

Sexuality

, 18

Shadowbanning

, 58

Silencing mechanism

, 89

Social construction of rape

, 24–30

Social institutions

, 81

Social learning theory

, 15

Social media

, 56, 61, 68, 102

Social support theory

, 15

Societal victim blaming

, 105

Socio-economic status (SES)

, 1, 36

South Africa

, 29

Sports culture

, 85–88

Spousal rape

, 96

Street harassment

, 11

Structural violence

, 26

Survivor

, 3

Technology-facilitated sexual violence (TFSV)

, 25

Television

, 56

Tik Tok

, 57

Times of India (TOA)

, 62

#TimesUp

addressing rape reform and sexual violence prevention and response programs

, 115–117

decriminalizing sex work as sex positivity

, 124–125

dismantling patriarchy

, 111–114

flipping rape script

, 120–122

issues with consent education and decriminalizing sex work

, 122–124

sexual assault prevention programming

, 118–119

Tokenizing

, 78

Toxic masculinity

, 18

Trans femme

, 3

Trans men

, 4

Trigger warnings

, 121

Trivialization of rape and denial of widespread rape

, 50–53, 68–70

True crime

, 57

Twitter

, 57

Uniform Crime Report

, 27, 96

United Kingdom (UK)

, 32, 56, 94

United States (USA)

, 1, 8, 14, 31, 93, 77, 111

Central Park Jogger case

, 62

citizen

, 2

policing and prison as microcosms of rape culture in

, 108–110

Supreme Court nominee

, 60

Unjust sex

, 29

Validated rape myth scale

, 43

Vertical prosecution

, 100

Viagra

, 22

Victim

, 3

blaming

, 1, 40–46, 55, 61–65

credibility

, 99–103, 105

impact statements

, 97

Victimology course

, 104

Virginity tests

, 22

Warnings

, 121

West African Indigenous societies

, 14

Western cultures

, 49

Western societies

, 14, 30, 75

Westernization

, 38

Westernized societies

, 2, 75–76

White supremacist capitalist patriarchy

, 13–14

White supremacy

, 12, 58, 111

#WhyIStayed

, 120

Women

, 18, 24, 26, 35

“crying rape” trope

, 97

in India

, 34

Women’s Media Center

, 58

#YesAllWomen

, 15, 72–73

You-Tube

, 57

Zina ordinance

, 94