Abuse

, 162

Advertising

, 91

African National Congress (ANC)

, 39

Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA)

, 163

All England Lawn Tennis Club (AELTC)

, 24

All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL)

, 5

All-American Red Heads

, 55

Amateur Athletic Union (AAU)

, 54–55

American Basketball Association (ABA)

, 76

American Basketball League (ABL)

, 56, 75–76

Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIWA)

, 55

Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP)

, 20–22

Athlete-mother

in conflict

, 150–152

as superhuman

, 145–146

themes of

, 149–152

as transgressor

, 146

Athletes

, 158

Australian Football League Women (AFLW)

, 194

Basketball

, 54, 89–90

gender pay gap in American professional basketball

, 58–62

history

, 54–55

pay differences within women’s basketball

, 62–65

women’s professional basketball in United States

, 55–58

Big Bash League (BBL)

, 211–212

Billie Jean King

, 26–29

Blackness

, 30–31

Boardroom blows

, 46–48

Brakpan Falconettes

, 40

Bruising battles

, 46–48

Canadian Women’s Hockey League (CWHL)

, 77

Central Business District (CBD)

, 215

Chief marketing officer (CMO)

, 92

City Press

, 42–43

Club selection

, 200–201

Collective bargaining agreement (CBA)

, 59

Commercialisation

, 153–154

Coronavirus

, 230

COVID-19

, 230, 236–239

Cricket

, 235–237

in Australia

, 213–214

importance of fan experience

, 213–214

measures

, 216

methodology

, 215–216

participant observation

, 215

results

, 216–221

survey findings

, 218–221

survey participants

, 215–216

Cycling

, 176, 184

Cycling Independent Reform Commission (CIRC)

, 177–178

Cyclists’ Alliance

, 177

Digital media. See also Social media

, 7, 124–127

Digital technologies

, 158

Director sportif (DS)

, 178

Economic theory

, 64

Effeminacy

, 25

English Cricket Board (ECB)

, 235–236

European Union (EU)

, 163

Exploratory Sequential Design

, 215

Facebook

, 130, 158

Failure

, 74–75, 81–82

Fan engagement

, 214

Fashionable femininity

, 153

Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)

, 230–231

Female athletes

, 164–165, 195–196

Feminist commentators on sport

, 4

Football

, 230–233

Football Association (FA)

, 231

Football Federation of Australia (FFA)

, 232–233

Forgetting

, 76

Fulltime cyclist, work of

, 179–181

Game broadcasts

, 130–131

Gender

, 246

change in South Africa

, 39–40

difference and inequality

, 4

equity

, 124

ideology

, 211–212

pay gap in American professional basketball

, 58–62

Gender-based violence

, 163

complexity of researching gender-based violence in virtual spaces

, 166–168

Gender-bland sexism

, 214

Gendered struggle for better pay and conditions

, 184–188

Global tour

, 108, 110, 117–118

Golf

, 106

ambivalence to women’s game

, 115–116

downplaying of remarks

, 114–115

global tour

, 108, 110, 117–118

history of women in professional golf

, 107–108

Jeongeun Lee6, Hank Haney, and 2019 US Women’s Open

, 110–113

methodology

, 113–114

privileging of men

, 116–117

Golf

, 237–238

Goodwood Gazelles

, 40

Grassroots to Springboks

, 40–44

Hurstville Oval

, 215

Imbokodo

, 46–48

Inequality and momentum in women’s cycling

, 177–179

Instagram

, 158

International Cricket Council (ICC)

, 236–237

International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF)

, 26

International Tennis Federation (ITF)

, 26

Intersectionality

, 158–159, 165

Korean LPGA (KLPGA)

, 112

Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA). See also Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA)

, 4–5, 106, 237

positioning

, 108

Tour

, 106

Legitimacy

, 178

Long-term participant development plan (LTPDP)

, 45–46

Low theory

, 74

Mainstream media framing of Williams’ motherhood

, 148–149

Major League Soccer (MLS)

, 58

Marketing

, 90, 217–218

Masculinity

, 42–43

Media

, 6–7, 106, 125–127, 129

coverage

, 124–125

Mediated visibilities

, 124–125

Memorable match-day

, 216–218

Men’s professional sports stars

, 2

Mixed Martial Arts (MMA)

, 20

Monetary exchange

, 4–5

Motherhood

, 143–146

Multiplicity

, 159

National Basketball Association (NBA)

, 54, 90

National Basketball League

, 54–55

National Football League (NFL)

, 91

National governing body (NGB)

, 231

National Hockey League (NHL)

, 76

National Rugby League Women’s Premiership (NRLW)

, 194

anticipation, decision making and laying foundations for new competition

, 196–197

journey

, 197–198

player expectations

, 205–206

player experiences

, 200–201, 205–206

players

, 198–200

semi-professional competition for women in Rugby league

, 195–196

National Women’s Coalition (NWC)

, 39–40

National Women’s Football League (NWFL)

, 128

National Women’s Hockey League (NWHL)

, 6, 71–72, 74

development

, 75–78

New media

, 6–7, 125–126

News stories about women in football

, 132–133

North America

, 71–72

Online blogs

, 7

Online communication

, 163

Online violence

, 165

Open Tennis

, 26

Photography project

, 75

Port Elizabeth event

, 43

Pregnancy

, 143–146

Professional athletes

, 2, 7, 10, 245

Professional footballer

, 9

Professional golf

, 237

Professional Golf Association (PGA)

, 107

Professional road cycling

, 176–177

Professional sport

, 75

women in

, 4–6

Professional Women’s Hockey Players Association (PWHPA)

, 82

Professionalisation of women’s sport

, 1–4, 246

issues and debates

, 10–12

media, and new media

, 6–7

women at work

, 7–10

women in professional sport

, 4–6

Professionalism

, 178

in women’s sport

, 7–10

Progress narratives

, 73–74

Racism

, 106, 111

Rise of Women’s Sports, The

, 124

Rose Ladies Series

, 238

Rugby

, 38, 233, 235

bruising battles, boardroom blows and ‘Imbokodo’

, 46–48

and gender change in South Africa

, 39–40

grassroots to Springboks

, 40–44

racial and sexist game

, 38–39

reputation

, 44–46

semi-professional competition for rugby league

, 195–196

Rugby Football League (RFL)

, 233–234

Rugby Football Union (RFU)

, 234–235

Salaries

, 56, 59

Self-representation in virtual environments

, 159–161

Semi-professional

, 10

competition for women in Rugby league

, 195–196

sport

, 246–247

Serena Williams

, 20, 142, 146–147

commercialisation

, 153–154

data collection

, 147–148

and global marketplace for women’s professional tennis

, 29–32

mainstream media framing of Williams’ motherhood

, 148–149

pregnancy, motherhood and sport

, 145–146

pregnancy, motherhood and workplace

, 143–144

self-presentation of athlete-mother identity

, 152–153

thematic analysis

, 148

themes of Athlete-motherhood

, 149–152

Sexism

, 106, 111

Short-term contracting

, 200

Social media

, 7, 126–127, 142

complexity of researching gender-based violence in virtual spaces

, 166–168

harm(s) of virtual violence

, 165–166

platforms

, 158

self-representation in virtual environments

, 159–161

strategies

, 131–132

third-wave feminism and intersectionality

, 158–159

violence against women in virtual spaces

, 163–165

violence in virtual environments

, 162–163

Social networking sites

, 7

South Africa, Rugby and gender change in

, 39–40

South African Rugby Board (SARFB)

, 39

South African Rugby Employers Organisation (SAREO)

, 46

South African Rugby Football Board (SARFB)

, 38

South African Rugby Football Union (SARFU)

, 39, 42

South African Rugby Players Association (SARPA)

, 46

Space

for empowerment

, 159–161

of oppression

, 162–163

Sponsorships

, 133–134

Sport

, 3, 8, 145–146, 211–212, 230

leagues

, 126–127

Sport Fan Motivation Scale

, 216

Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee (SASCOC)

, 46

Sportswomen

, 246

future for

, 238–239

Springboks, grassroots to

, 40–44

Success

, 81–82

Suffragettes v. Mere Men

, 38

Supermum

, 149–150

Sydney Cricket Ground (SCG)

, 215

Technological innovations

, 158

Tennis

, 20, 23, 142

Billie Jean King, Virginia Slims and ‘Women’s Lob’ Movement

, 26–29

Suzanne Lenglen and incipient professionalisation of women’s tennis

, 23–26

Venus and Serena Williams and global marketplace

, 29–32

Thematic analysis

, 148

Third-wave feminism

, 158–159

Tomboyism

, 42–43

Twenty20 (T20)

, 211–212

Twitter

, 7, 158

Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI)

, 176, 185

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

, 163

United Stated Lawn Tennis Association (USLTA)

, 27

US Soccer Federation (USSF)

, 232–233

Violence

in virtual environments

, 162–163

against women in virtual spaces

, 163–165

Virtual technologies

, 162

Virtual violence, harm(s) of

, 165–166

Visibility

, 124

Volksmoeders

, 38–39

Wages

, 54, 56, 59

William Webb Ellis Rugby World Cup Tournament

, 40

Wimbledon Programme (2004)

, 31

Women

, 106

clubs

, 231

cricket

, 212–213

cycling

, 184

leagues

, 126

peloton

, 181–184

professional basketball in United States

, 55–58

in professional sport

, 4–6

racing bikes

, 176–177

rugby union

, 38

team sport in Australia

, 194–195

at work

, 7–10

Women’s American Basketball Association (WABA)

, 56, 75–76

Women’s American football

, 124

game broadcasts

, 130–131

and media

, 127–129

media, new media and women’s sport

, 125–126

news stories about women in football

, 132–133

social media strategies

, 131–132

sponsorships

, 133–134

sports leagues and digital media

, 126–127

Women’s basketball

, 54, 89–90

pay differences within

, 62–65

Women’s Basketball League (WBL)

, 5–6

Women’s Big Bash League (WBBL)

, 211–212

Women’s Football Alliance

, 124

(in) visibility of

, 129–130

mediated (in) visibilities of

, 134–135

Women’s ice hockey

, 71–72

failure and transformation

, 74–75

future

, 82–83

mediating ‘success’ and ‘failure’

, 81–82

progress narratives

, 73–74

steadfast positioning of women’s sport

, 78–81

Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA)

, 5–6, 54, 90

as legitimate sport

, 97–99

and opening to activism

, 99–101

as part of struggle for gender equality

, 94–97

as valid commercial enterprise

, 91–94

Women’s Professional Basketball League (WBL)

, 55, 75–76, 89–90

Women’s Professional Golf Association (WPGA)

, 106

Women’s sport

, 1–4, 71–72, 107–108, 125–126, 176, 230, 245

professionalisation of

, 1–4

professionalism in

, 7–10

steadfast positioning of

, 78–81

Women’s Tennis Association (WTA)

, 4–6, 20, 22, 127

Women’s World Cup (WWC)

, 230–231

Women’s World Tour (WWT)

, 176

Workplace

, 143–144

World Hockey Association (WHA)

, 76