Citation

(2020), "Index", Walklate, S., Fitz-Gibbon, K., Maher, J. and McCulloch, J. (Ed.) The Emerald Handbook of Feminism, Criminology and Social Change (Emerald Studies in Criminology, Feminism and Social Change), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 401-410. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78769-955-720201032

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited

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INDEX

Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate footnotes.

#BlackLives-Matter movement

, 296

#BringBackOurGirls movement (#BBOG movement)

, 243–244, 246, 248

#GamerGate campaigns (2014)

, 325–326

#IncidentsInSweden

, 358

#LastNightInSweden

, 358

#MeToo movement

, 70–72, 82, 362, 367

challenge to moral regulation of women

, 88–91

moral regulation

, 79–81

sexualisation

, 79–81

social significance

, 76–79

#SayHerName campaign

, 296

#SwedenAttack

, 358

Abolitionists

, 215

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

, 306

Aboriginal women

, 308–309, 311–312

Abuse (see also Gender-based abuse (GBA); Image-based abuse (IBA); Intimate partner abuse (IPA))

online

, 319

sexual

, 54

technology-facilitated forms of

, 344

woman

, 340

Academic-activism

, 204, 213–214

Activism (see also Feminist activism)

, 396–399

advocacy

, 207

scholarship and

, 5

Advocacy activism

, 207

African feminism

, 236

African National Congress (ANC)

, 249

African women

, 238

All Peoples’ Congress (APC)

, 244

Anonymised digital violence

, 325

Anti-homosexual killings

, 192

Anti-Social Behaviour Crime and Policing Act (2014)

, 167

Arab-Israeli War

, 256

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)

, 297

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW)

, 375

Awakening

, 18

Bab Al-Amoud

, 256–258

Bangkok Rules

, 278

Black and minority ethnic women (BME women)

, 158, 166–167, 169, 171

Boozers

, 195–196

Brazil

conservatism and resistance to gender laws

, 110–112

Criminalisation of Femicide

, 109

from feminist activism to law reform

, 107

feminist criminological critique and law reform

, 109–110

gender, decoloniality and racism

, 105–107

gender studies in

, 104–105

MPL

, 108

theories on violence against women

, 102–103

Brazilian feminist

criminology

, 102, 112–114

studies

, 104

Burghartz v. Switzerland (1994)

, 278

Carceral feminism

, 378

Children

, 255, 257, 260–267

letters

, 258

in OEJ

, 257–258

Civil War

, 122

Class

, 71, 79, 122

relations

, 186

Coercive control

, 38, 56, 377

Colonial dehumanisation of black women

, 106

Colonial penal practices

, 303

Colonialism

, 237

Colonisation

, 296, 375

‘Combat proven’ politics

, 182, 261

Commercial sex act

, 54

Commodification

, 220

Confrontational violence

, 192–196

Conjugal coercion

, 41

Conservatism to gender laws

, 110–112

Contemporary feminism

, 18

Continuum of sexual violence

, 342–343

‘Continuum of violence’ model

, 318

Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)

, 107, 277–278

Criminal justice

reforms

, 238

system

, 10, 23, 120, 378

Criminal Law (Amendment) Act (2013)

, 138, 140

Criminal victimization

, 36

Criminalisation

, 168, 296, 359

of Femicide

, 109

of GBA Survivors

, 58–59

Criminology

, 3–4, 7–8, 30, 121, 294, 300, 359, 396–399

through ages

, 8–9

attention to gender

, 9–12

Crimmigration

, 366

Critical ecofeminism

, 122, 124

earth and equality as hyperobjects of emancipatory sustainability

, 130–132

relevance for current criminological and victimological debates

, 127–130

Critical ecological feminism

, 121

Critical feminism

, 128

Critical feminist ecosocialism

, 121

Culturalisation of violence

, 161–163

problematising

, 163–167

Culturalised narratives in practice

, 167–171

Cyber-stalking

, 342

Cyberstalkers

, 328–329

Damaged masculinity

, 347

Damascus Gate. See Bab Al-Amoud

Date rape

, 52

Dating apps

, 326

Dating violence

, 328, 382

De-colonisation

, 375

everydayness as routine of

, 265–268

Death penalty

, 282

Debilitation

, 264

showroom as operational and ideological structure of

, 262–265

Decoloniality

, 105–107

Decriminalisation

, 204–208

Delhi

nature and extent of rape

, 140–144

rape cases and child rape cases in

, 145

scope and significance of research

, 144–145

victims of rape and age group in

, 143–144

Delhi Gang Rape Case (2012)

, 138–140

Democratic Association of Women in Morocco (ADFM)

, 245

Demonstrations

, 237

Destacamento Feminino (DF)

, 242

Digital coercive control

, 329–330

Digital domestic violence

, 328

Digital feminist activism

, 72

Digital harms

, 292, 325

Digital violence

, 319, 321

developing and designing

, 322–324

in intimate relationships

, 328–330

survivors

, 327–328

Digital voyeurism

, 327

(Dis)ability

, 299

Discrimination

, 281, 319–320

Disney

, 227–228

Domestic violence (DV)

, 52, 101, 328–329, 382

disclosure schemes in Australia and New Zealand

, 12

laws

, 374

Domestic Violence and Abuse Bill

, 165

Domesticity of women

, 240–241

Dominant masculinities

, 188

Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee

, 206

Early feminist perspectives

, 17

Echo chambers

, 328

Ecofeminism

, 121, 126, 128

in Spain

, 124

Ecology

, 123–124

Ecowomanism

, 121

Ekpan women

, 238

Emancipatory sustainability

, 130–132

End Violence Against Women Coalition (EVAW)

, 165

English Collective of Prostitutes (ECP)

, 205

Equality

, 272

as hyperobjects

, 130–132

Essentialism

, 365

Ethnicity

, 71, 79, 236

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)

, 272, 275–276

European Court on Human Rights (ECtHR)

, 272, 274, 276, 278–279

‘Exoticised’ culturalisation

, 167

Family violence

, 377

‘Fappening, The’

, 327

Female

exhibitionism

, 82

invisibility

, 10

rape victims

, 152

solidarity

, 245

Female body

cultural significance of

, 79–81

moral regulation of

, 86–88

Female genital mutilation (FGM)

, 158, 167, 169–170

FEMEN

, 247–248

Femicide

, 109

Femininity

, 187–188, 228, 365

Feminism

, 7–8, 11–12, 18–19, 30, 121, 235, 294, 338–340, 359, 395, 399

fraught relationship with law

, 13–14

Feminist activism

, 55, 63, 398

digital

, 72

to law reform

, 107

in Spain

, 122–123

Feminist approaches to victimology

, 36

gendered differences in prevalence of violent victimisation

, 36–39

overlap between victimisation and offending

, 39–41

women’s victimisation as social control

, 41–43

Feminist criminology

, 3–4, 27, 97, 374, 398–399

impact of

, 28–30

critique and law reform

, 109–110

‘northern theorising’ and assumptions

, 12–13

Feminist International Network of Resistance to Reproductive and Genetic Engineering

, 127

Feminist perspectives in criminology

critical reflections on early developments

, 26–27

emergence of

, 20–23

impact of feminist criminology

, 28–30

impetus for

, 19–20

international perspectives

, 27–28

methodological developments

, 23–26

Feminist victimology

, 36

as contested terrain

, 43–45

Feminist(s)

, 98, 273

analysis

, 359

criminologists

, 331, 397–398

debates in Brazil

, 101

deconstructionism

, 25

dictatorship

, 110

ecology

, 121

environmentalism

, 121

epistemology

, 24

feminist-informed researchers

, 41

feminist-informed victimology

, 11, 36–37

informed victimology

, 44

movements

, 101–102

ontology

, 24

scholars

, 340

scholarship

, 22n1, 25, 29n4, 30, 63, 359

standpointism

, 25

theoretical developments

, 346

theory

, 18

victimologists

, 38

First-wave feminism

, 19

Forced marriage (FM)

, 54, 158, 169–170

Forced Marriage (Civil Protection) Act (2007)

, 168n12

Frente de Libertaqio de Mogambique (FRELIMO)

, 241–243

Gaze Project, reflections on use of PAR in

, 210–213

Gender equality

deferment of women’s issues and struggles for

, 246–247

norms

, 362

Gender inequality

, 220, 319

normality of abnormal or abnormality of normal

, 222–230

perpetuating and exacerbating

, 280

Gender-based abuse (GBA)

, 52–53

explosion in GBA research over time

, 59–61

gender-based differences

, 281

history

, 55–57

identifying and expanding

, 53–54

innovative programmes addressing

, 61–63

intersectionality and

, 57–58

pathways theory and criminalisation of GBA survivors

, 58–59

publications

, 60

Gender-based violence

, 52, 109

image-based abuse in Singapore

, 379–382

indigenous communities in Australia

, 375–378

in Pacific Island States

, 383–388

uneven global distribution of

, 375

Gender(ed)

, 26, 28, 105–107, 122, 186, 301, 338

abolitionist

, 121

ambiguity, sexuality and body

, 196–199

biases

, 4

characteristics of disciplinary procedures

, 25

criminology, victimology and evolving attention to

, 9–12

differences in prevalence of violent victimisation

, 36–39

and environment

, 121

gap

, 21, 37

gender laws, conservatism and resistance to

, 110–112

gender-specific definitions

, 340–342

harm

, 396

justice

, 397

mobility

, 104

pathways to offending

, 39–41

regimes

, 22

relational character of

, 396

social order

, 4

stereotyping

, 83, 83n3, 277–278, 281

studies in Brazil

, 104–105

violence

, 102, 104–105, 396

Girls

patterns in punishment and incarceration

, 303–307

power

, 81

punishment and incarceration through intersectional lens

, 307–311

Global feminist environmental justice

, 121

Global North

, 374, 378

Global South

, 374–375

Globalisation

, 203

Green criminology through critical theory

, 124–126

Gregori theory

, 103

Gyn/ecology

, 121

Harm

, 318–320

Hashtag feminism

, 72

gains and losses

, 73–76

Hegemonic masculinity

, 186–188, 192

Hegemony

, 187–188

(Hetero)sexism

, 299

Heteronomativity

, 41

Homicide

, 341

Homophobia

, 319

Homosexuality

, 360

Honour-based violence/abuse (HBV/A)

, 158–164, 166–170

Human rights

, 129–130, 272–274, 276–277, 280–281

Hutchinson v. The United Kingdom (2017)

, 277

Hybridity

and regulation of gender violence

, 386–388

and regulatory pluralism in Pacific Islands

, 385–386

Hyper-visibility, cultural relativism to

, 163–167

Hyperobjects

, 122

earth and equality as

, 130–132

intangible 132

Hypersexualisation

, 106

Ideologies

, 324

Image-based abuse (IBA)

, 374, 380

equality and violence in Singapore

, 379–382

sexual abuse

, 341–342, 347

Incarceration

data

, 304

of girls and women through intersectional lens

, 307–311

high rates of

, 296–297

of intersectionality

, 300–303

patterns in women and girls

, 303–307

INCITE! (activist organisation in US)

, 58

Indigenous

communities

, 293, 378

populations

, 303

women

, 374–378, 389

Inequalities (see also Gender inequality)

, 4

social

, 103

Information communication technologies (ICT)

, 318, 320, 322–323

sharing ownership

, 329

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR)

, 108

International Violence Against Women Survey (IWAS)

, 339, 379

Interpersonal violence

, 11, 186

Intersectional analysis

, 291–292, 298–300, 310, 312, 397

Intersectionality

, 57–58, 85, 158, 291–292, 297–300, 309

punishment, incarceration and potential of

, 300–303

Intimate intrusions

, 339

Intimate partner abuse (IPA)

, 53–54, 57

perpetrators

, 59

shelters/safehouses for IPA survivors

, 57

Intimate partner violence (IPV)

, 12, 37–38, 54, 108, 340–341

Intrusion

, 318

by unknowns persons

, 324–326

Iranian Kurdish Women’s Rights Organisation (IKWRO)

, 166

Jihadi movements

, 238

Kafkaris v. Cyprus (2008)

, 276

Khamtokhu and Aksenchik v. Russia (2017)

, 272–274, 280

case and claims

, 275–276

standing at crossroads

, 276–280

Konstantin Markin v. Russia (2012)

, 278

Labour Government Social Exclusion Unit Report (2002)

, 28

László Magyar v. Hungary (2014)

, 277

Law reform in Brazil

conservatism and resistance to gender laws

, 110–112

Criminalisation of Femicide

, 109

from feminist activism to

, 107

feminist criminological critique and

, 109–110

MPL

, 108

Léger v. France (2006, 276, 2009)

Lesbian masculinities

, 192

Life imprisonment

, 273, 276–277

entrenching

, 282

problems of long-term

, 281

Little Mermaid, The (film)

, 227

Lone terrorist

, 267

Macho criminology

, 27

Male peer support theory

, 339, 346

Male perpetrators, studies of

, 347–348

Male privileging

, 10

Māori women

, 306

Marginalisation

, 319–320

Maria da Penha Law (MPL)

, 108

Marxist-feminist theory of ‘patriarchal domination’

, 103

Masculinist

, 26

enterprises

, 197

Masculinity

, 187–188, 228, 365, 396

confrontational violence

, 192–196

gender ambiguity, sexuality and body

, 196–199

and interpersonal violence

, 188

violence against women

, 188–192

Mass incarceration

, 302–303

Maternalist framing

, 246

Media sensationalism

, 159n5

Men’s violence

, 11, 13–14, 37, 190, 338, 341, 363

Michigan Coalition Against Domestic and Sexual Violence

, 62–63

Migrant sex workers

, 207

Miscegenation

, 106

Misogyny

, 318–320, 326

Modern patriarchy

, 104

Moral regulation

, 79–81–86

of female body

, 86–88

Motherhood

, 102

Motherist framing

, 246

National College Women Sexual Victimization Study

, 39

National Commission for Women (NCW)

, 139

National Council of Women’s Rights

, 102

National Crime Survey (NCS). See National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

, 38–39

National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (NIMMIWG)

, 296

National Violence Against Women Survey

, 39

Neo-liberalism

, 297, 299

Non-Custodial Sanctions for Women Offenders

, 278

Non-discrimination principle

, 278, 279n6

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

, 147–148

Nordic countries

, 362

Northern theorising

, 12–13, 97

Nude protests

, 247–248

Obduracy of patriarchy

, 241–243

Objectification

, 80, 87, 318

Offending, gendered pathways to

, 39–41

Offline gender issues

, 322

Ogharefe women

, 238

Online gender-based violence

, 319

Otherness

, 11, 85

Overlap between victimisation and offending

, 39–41

Pacific Island States, policing gender-based violence in

, 383–388

Pacific Prevention of Domestic Violence Program (PPDVP)

, 384

Palestinian territories

, 254

Participatory action research (PAR)

, 204–205

institutional barriers to

, 211–212

reflections on use of

, 210–213

and sex work studies

, 209–210

stigma, outing, and recognition

, 212–213

Pathways theory of GBA survivors

, 58–59

Patriarchal oppression

, 220

forms of

, 228

normality of abnormal or abnormality of normal

, 222–230

Patriarchal/patriarchy

, 186, 220, 226–228, 338, 365

capitalism

, 186

colonialism

, 303

domination

, 103

obduracy of

, 241–243

paradigm

, 104

rulefare

, 223

societies

, 328

People’s Democratic Party (PDP)

, 244

Perpetrators

, 328

Physical assault

, 36–37

Physical violence

, 192

Policing

, 10

domestic and family violence in indigenous communities in Australia

, 375–378

practices

, 378

scholarship

, 384

by strangers

, 374, 387

Populism

, 299

Pornography

, 345–346

Positive discrimination

, 279

Positive masculinities

, 188, 399

Post-feminist gender ideals

, 227

Postcolonialism

, 299

Postmodern feminism

, 11

Power

, 81–86, 396

Power and Control Wheel

, 53

Pre-feminist gender ideals

, 227

Prison Reform Trust

, 21

Privilege

, 396

Pro-arrest

‘DV’ laws

, 59

policies

, 378

Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act (1985)

, 167

Prostitution

, 361

Provocation

, 111

Public attitude towards rape crime

, 137–138, 145

Delhi Gang Rape Case (2012)

, 138–140

discussion

, 151–152

family members stance pertinent to the incident

, 148–150

socio-demographic details

, 145–146

treatment of victims by neighbours

, 150

and victims

, 146–148

Punishment

of girls and women through intersectional lens

, 307–311

of intersectionality

, 300–303

patterns in women and girls

, 303–307

Queer criminology

, 198

Queer ecologies

, 121

Race

, 71, 79, 122, 236, 301

relations

, 186

Racialised women and girls

, 296

context-driven intersectionality

, 298–300

patterns in punishment and incarceration of women and girls

, 303–307

punishment, incarceration and potential of intersectionality

, 300–303

punishment and incarceration of girls and women through intersectional lens

, 307–311

Racism

, 105–107, 219, 299, 301, 319

Radical feminists

, 186, 338–339

Rape

, 54, 101, 109, 191, 221, 227, 359–366

culture

, 221

nature and extent of

, 140–144

Refugee crisis

, 128

Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI)

, 384

Religion

, 236, 299

Resistance

, 236–239, 242–243, 246–248

to gender laws

, 110–112

Retro sexism

, 81

Right-wing politics

, 365

Risk

, 301

assessment practices

, 311

scores

, 310

Russian prison system

, 281

Safehouses

, 55

Scholarship and activism

, 5

Second-wave feminism

, 10, 19

Securitisation

, 259

Security

technologies

, 267

threat

, 267

Separation/divorce assault

, 341

Serious brawling

, 195

Settler colonialism

, 258, 265

Sex

, 338

through ages

, 8–9

discrimination laws

, 299

panics

, 74

trafficking

, 54

work academics

, 206

Sex work scholarship

, 204

key contributions

, 206–209

Sex work studies

, 206–207

PAR and

, 209–210

Sex Worker Advocacy and Resistance Movement (SWARM)

, 205

Sex workers

, 204, 208

activism

, 205–206

rights academics

, 209

Sexism

, 27, 77, 219

Sexual

abuse

, 54

assaults

, 53, 77, 88–89, 341

harassment

, 54, 70, 88–89, 322, 342

orientation

, 122

trafficking

, 322

Sexual Divisions and Society

, 20

Sexual violence

, 38–39, 221, 227, 324–327

complicit constructions

, 365–366

contemporary developments in regulation of

, 360–361

continuum of

, 342–343

criminological lessons on/from

, 358

Swedish debates on

, 361–364

Sexualisation

, 79–86, 91

Sexuality

, 299, 360

Shame

, 152, 159–161

‘Shitty Media Men’ list

, 73, 79

Singapore, image-based abuse equality and violence in

, 379–382

Singapore Police Force (SPF)

, 381

Singaporean women

, 381–382

Slutshaming

, 77

‘SlutWalks’

, 86

Social

change

, 204, 207, 209–210, 213–214, 219–220, 222, 236, 239, 397

constructionism

, 365

discourses

, 84

education

, 128–129

inequalities

, 103

injustice

, 300

media

, 74, 247–248, 326

positionality and priorities

, 245–246

relations

, 186, 338

revolution

, 72

Social control, women’s victimisation as

, 41–43

Socialized offender

, 41

Soulaliyate movement

, 245

Southall Black Sisters (SBS)

, 164, 167, 170

Southern criminology

, 97, 374

Spain

earth and equality as hyperobjects

, 130–132

ecofeminism in Spain

, 124

feminist activism in

, 122–123

relevance of critical ecofeminism

, 127–130

politics

, 123–124

Stalking

, 54, 322, 341

State feminism

, 239, 362

Stec and Others v. The United Kingdom (2006)

, 279

Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision (SCRGSP)

, 306–307

Stereotypical attitudes about rape

, 140

Strangulation

, 341

Streamlining

, 345

‘Street savvy’ behaviour

, 42

Structuralism

, 365

Stubborn resilience

, 265

Supreme Military Council

, 242

Surveillance

, 318

Suzan’s laws

, 243

Sweden Democrats

, 364, 366

Swedish debates on sexual violence

, 361–364

Swedish social order

, 361

Swedish social media movements

, 362

‘Synthetic love’

, 344

Technology-facilitated violence (see also Violence Against women (VAW)

, 318–320

individual experiences

, 322

continuums and spacelessness of violence

, 320–322

developing and designing digital violence

, 322–324

digital violence in intimate relationships

, 328–330

intrusions by unknowns persons

, 324–326

terminologies and definitions

, 319–320

Technology-facilitated forms of abuse

, 344

Technomaterialist

, 121

Terrorism

, 265

Together Women initiative

, 28–29

Tucker Carlson Tonight (Fox News programme)

, 358

Ünal Tekeli v. Turkey (2004)

, 278

United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners

, 278

United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Treatment of Prisoners

, 277

Unsentenced prisoners

, 303

Upskirting

, 381–382

US Education Amendments Act (1972)

, 341

Van Raalte v. The Netherlands (1997)

, 279

Victim collaboration

, 111

‘Victim precipitated’ rape

, 35

Victim-blaming

, 330–331

messages

, 45

Victimisation

, 296

Victimisation–criminalization continuum

, 310

Victimology

, 3, 7–8, 35

through ages

, 8–9

attention to gender

, 9–12

through critical theory

, 124–126

key themes

, 4

‘northern theorising’ and assumptions

, 12–13

Victims

, 11

of rape and age group in

, 143–144

rape cases and offender known/unknown to

, 141

rape cases and relationship of offender with

, 141–142

Vinter and Others v. The UK (2013)

, 277

Violence

within communities

, 58

continuums and spacelessness

, 320–322

culturalisation of

, 161–163

directed at communities

, 58

violent retaliation

, 195

Violence Against women (VAW) (see also Technology-facilitated violence)

, 4–5, 13–14, 52, 102, 157–158, 161–162, 166, 168–169, 188–192, 322, 337, 374–375, 383, 387

back-talk interviews

, 348–349

continuum of sexual violence

, 342–343

feminism

, 338–340

gender-specific definitions

, 340–342

new electronic technologies and

, 344–347

polyvictimisation in lives of adult women

, 343

as social control

, 42–43

studies of male perpetrators

, 347–348

theories on

, 102–103

Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)

, 341

Violence against women and girls (VAWG)

, 374, 382

War crimes

, 28

Women

#MeToo Movement’s challenge to moral regulation

, 88–91

abuse

, 340s

emancipation paradigm

, 239

patterns in punishment and incarceration

, 303–307

prisoners

, 278

punishment and incarceration through intersectional lens

, 307–311

punishment of

, 307–311

Women’s Police Station

, 102

Women’s resistance reflections and social change in Africa

criminal colonialists to criminogenic neocolonial state

, 236–239

deferment of women’s issues and struggles for gender equality

, 246–247

elite women’s engagement and attendant baggage

, 243–245

immanent contradictions

, 239–241

obduracy of patriarchy

, 241–243

preponderance of motherist or maternalist framing

, 246

social positionality and priorities

, 245–246

tactical divide

, 247–248

Women’s victimisation

, 35, 339

as social control

, 41–43

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 375