Prelims

Half Title Page

The Emerald Handbook of Crime, Justice and Sustainable Development

Title Page

The Emerald Handbook of Crime, Justice and Sustainable Development

Edited by

Jarrett Blaustein

Monash University, Australia

Kate Fitz-Gibbon

Monash University, Australia

Nathan W. Pino

Texas State University, USA

Rob White

University of Tasmania, Australia

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2021

Selection and editorial matter © 2021 Jarrett Blaustein, Kate Fitz-Gibbon, Nathan W. Pino and Rob White.

Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited

Reprints and permissions service

Contact: permissions@emeraldinsight.com

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors. Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters' suitability and application and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-78769-356-2 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-78769-355-5 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-78769-357-9 (Epub)

List of Figures and Tables

List of Abbreviations

ACRO

Criminal Records Office, United Kingdom

ADB

Asian Development Bank

AQ

Al-Qaeda

AQAP

Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula

AQIS

Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent

AML

Antimoney laundering

APC

Association for Progressive

BAES

BAE Systems

BORs

Beneficial ownership registers

CAA

Clean Air Act, United States of America

CAF

Corporación Andina de Fomento

CDM

Clean Development Mechanism

CEB

Chief Executives Board for Coordination

CEDAW

Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women

CEPAL

United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

CFAs

Company Formation Agents

CITES

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

CJS

Criminal Justice System

CLS

Contrats locaux de sécurité

CoE

Council of Europe

CND

Commission on Narcotic Drugs

CPS

Crown Prosecution Service of England and Wales

CPTED

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

CSI

Communication Citizen Security Initiative

CRP

Cocaine Route Programme

CSSF

Conflict, Stability and Security Fund

CT

Counterterrorism

DCAF

Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance

DFID

Department for International Development

DOJ

Department of Justice

DRR

Disaster risk reduction

DSD

Division for Sustainable Development

DVRCV

Domestic Violence Resource Centre Victoria, Australia

E4J

Education for Justice Initiative

EC

European Commission

ECOSOC

Economic and Social Council of the United Nations

EEA

European Economic Area

EIP

Effective Institutions Platform

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency, United States of America

EU

European Union

EUR

Euros

FATF

Financial Action Task Force

FCO

Foreign and Commonwealth Office, United Kingdom

FCS

Fragile and conflict states

FIE

Friends of the Irish Environment

FPD

Forest Protection Department, Vietnam

GBV

Gender-based Violence

GCTS

Global Counter-terrorism Strategy

GEPA

Gender Equality in Public Administration

GBD

Global Burden of Disease

GFC

Global Financial Crisis

GFI

Global Financial Integrity (think tank), United States

GI

Generation Identity (right-wing extremist organisation), Europe

GI-TOC

Global Initiative Against Transnational Organised Crime

GDP

Gross domestic product

GNI

Gross national income

GWOT

Global War on Terror

HMRC

Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs, United Kingdom

HSRP

Human Security Report Project, Canada

IAEG-SDGs

Inter-agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators

ICAI

Independent Commission on Aid Impact, United Kingdom

ICC

International Criminal Court

ICIJ

International Consortium of Investigative Journalists

IcSP

Instrument contributing to Stability and Peace

ICT

Information and communications technology

ICTY

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

IDB

Inter-American Development Bank

IDP

Internationally displaced persons

IEA

International Energy Agency

IEP

Institute for Economics and Peace, Australia

IFF

Illicit financial flows

IFI

International Financial Institutions

IGO

Intergovernmental Organization

ILO

International Labor Organization

IMF

International Monetary Fund

INDC

Intended Nationally Determined Contribution

IOM

International Organization for Migration

IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IS

Islamic State

IUU

Illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing

JBTF

Joint Border Task Force, Nigeria

KECOSCE

Kenya Community Support Centre

LDCs

Less developed countries

LGBT

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender

LSIL

Large-scale illegal logging

LtG

Limits to Growth

MARD

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Vietnam

MDGs

Millennium Development Goals

MENA

Middle East and North Africa

MOD

Ministry of Defence, United Kingdom

MSIL

Medium-scale illegal logging

MWC

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

NCA

National Crime Agency, United Kingdom

NGO

Nongovernmental organisation

NIEO

New International Economic Order

NNEDV

National Network to End Domestic Violence, United States

NSC

National Security Council, United Kingdom

NSDS

National sustainable development strategies

NTFPs

Nontimber forest products

OAS

Organization of American States

OCCRP

Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

ODA

Overseas Development Assistance

OECD

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

OHCHR

Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Human Rights

PCI

Political Corruption Index

PETS

Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys

PPSA

Public Protector South Africa

PVE

Preventing violent extremism

QSDS

Quantitative Service Delivery Surveys

RAMSI

Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands

REA

Rapid Evidence Assessment

RESOLVE

Researching Solutions Against Violent Extremism

RRF

Return and Reintegration Fund, United Kingdom

SALW

Small Arms and Light Weapons

SAPS

South African Police Service

SAPs

Structural Adjustment Programmes

SCP

Situational crime prevention

SDGs

Sustainable Development Goals

SDSN

Sustainable Development Solutions Network

SGBV

Sexual and gender-based violence

SOGIE

Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Expression

SPIA

Strategic Planning and Interagency Affairs Unit of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

SRA

Special Rating Areas, South Africa

SSIL

Small-scale illegal logging

SSR

Security Sector Reforms

TCCs

Thuthuzela Care Centres, South Africa

TCSPs

Trust and Company Service Providers

TI

Transparency International

TST

Technical Support Team

TCSPs

Trust and Company Service Providers

UK

United Kingdom

UMYDF

Uganda Muslim Youth Development Forum

UN

United Nations

UNAIDS

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS

UNAOC

United Nations Alliance of Civilizations

UNCAC

United Nations Convention Against Corruption

UNCLOS

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

UNCRC

United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child

UNCTAD

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNDCP

United Nations Drug Control Program

UN DESA

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

UNEP

United Nations Environment Programme

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNFCCC

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNGA

United Nations General Assembly

UNGASS

United Nations General Assembly Special Session on Drugs

UN Habitat

United Nations Human Settlement Programme

UNHCR

United Nations Human Rights Council

UNICEF

United Nations Children's Fund

UNOCT

United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism

UNODC

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

UNODCCP

United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention

UNSC

United Nations Security Council

UNTOC

United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime

UN Women

United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women

USA

United States of America

USAID

United States Agency for International Development

USD

United States Dollars

USCAP

United States Climate Action Partnership

VAW

Violence Against Women

VAWG

Violence Against Women and Girls

V-Dem

Varieties of Democracy

WB

World Bank

WCED

United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development

WEF

World Economic Forum

WHC

World Heritage Convention

WHO

World Health Organization

WHRD

Women's human rights defenders

WIN

Water Integrity Network

WJP

World Justice Project

WMO

World Meteorological Organization

WOUGNET

Women of Uganda Network

WTO

World Trade Organization

YPLL

Years of potential life lost

About the Contributors

Helle Abelvik-Lawson, PhD, is a freelance content producer for Greenpeace UK. She completed her doctorate at the University of Essex where her research examined the socioenvironmental impacts of lithium mining in Argentina and Bolivia and levels of consultation and participation for indigenous communities local to the mines.

Ana Aliverti, DPhil, is a Reader in Law at the School of Law, University of Warwick. She holds a DPhil in Law (Oxford, 2012), an MSc in Criminology and Criminal Justice (Distinction, Oxford, 2008), an MA in Sociology of Law (IISL, 2005) and a BA in Law (Honours, Buenos Aires, 2002). Her research explores questions of national identity and belonging in criminal justice and of law, sovereignty and globalisation. Her book, Crimes of Mobility (Routledge, 2013), was coawarded the British Society of Criminology Best Book Prize for 2014. She received the British Academy Rising Star Engagement Award (2015) and the Philip Leverhulme Prize in Law (2017). Ana is also codirector of the Criminal Justice Centre at Warwick, and she serves in the editorial boards of Theoretical Criminology and the Howard Journal of Crime and Justice.

Rosemary Barberet, PhD, is Professor in the Sociology Department of John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Her research interests include international criminal justice, victimology and gender and crime and are featured in her award-winning book, Women, Crime and Criminal Justice: A Global Enquiry. She has published on the United Nations Bangkok Rules, the human rights of victims of terrorism and measuring transnational crime. She represents the International Sociological Association and Criminologists without Borders at the United Nations.

Julie Berg, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer in Criminology at the Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research at the University of Glasgow. Her research focuses on innovations in security governance, collaborative policing and policing networks, community safety and issues of legitimacy, accountability and democratic security for the public good.

Jarrett Blaustein, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer in criminology at Monash University in Australia. He holds a PhD from the University of Edinburgh and his primary research interests include security governance, the politics of the crime-development nexus and the mobility of crime control policies between the Global North and the Global South. He is the author of Speaking Truths to Power: Policy Ethnography and Police Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina (OUP, 2015), coeditor of Reflexivity and Criminal Justice (Palgrave, 2017) and his research appears in various journals including the British Journal of Criminology, the International Journal of Drug Policy and Theoretical Criminology.

Liz Campbell, PhD, is the inaugural Francine V McNiff Chair in Criminal Jurisprudence at Monash Law Faculty, Melbourne, having previously been Professor of Criminal Law at Durham University, UK. Her research is sociolegal and currently is focused on responses to corruption and organisational crime and the use of biometric evidence in policing and prosecution. Her research has been funded by Research Council UK's Partnership for Conflict, Crime and Security; Arts and Humanities Research Council; Law Foundation of New Zealand; Fulbright Commission; Modern Law Review and Carnegie Trust.

Anh Ngoc Cao, PhD, is currently teaching and researching leadership in Viet Nam's national police force. He is also interested in the field of green criminology, transnational organised crime and the governance of non-traditional security. He is Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Security Staff and Command at People's Security Academy in Ha Noi.

Tom Chodor, PhD, is a Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at Monash University. His research focuses on the global governance of the global economy and the role of nonstate actors in contesting global policy agendas. He has published articles in Review of International Political Economy, Globalizations and Global Governance.

Elliott Currie, PhD, is Professor of Criminology, Law and Society at the University of California, Irvine, and Adjunct Professor in the School of Social Justice, Faculty of Law, Queensland University of Technology. He is the author of The Roots of Danger: Violent Crime in Global Perspective (Oxford University Press, 2015) along with many other works on crime, juvenile delinquency, drug abuse and social policy. He is the recipient of numerous awards, including the August Vollmer Award and the Mentoring Award from the American Society of Criminology.

Heddwen Daniel is a Doctoral Researcher at the University of South Wales (UK) and her work is supported by a grant from Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol (Welsh language society). Her research focuses on the application of ‘children first’ in cases where children breach court orders following a conviction.

Molly Dragiewicz, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Griffith University in Australia. Dragiewicz is an internationally award-winning criminologist whose research focuses on violence and gender. She is currently working on research about technology-facilitated coercive control, domestic violence and family law and complex trauma.

Katja Eman, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Criminology at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. Her doctoral thesis was entitled ‘Crimes against the environment – comparative criminology and criminal justice perspectives’ (2012), and she is the author of Environmental crime and criminology: crime phenomena and development of a green criminology in Slovenia (Scholar's Press, 2014). She participated in a research on water crimes in Europe (2016–2017) and is currently a lead researcher in the EU research project SHINE on sexual harassment in nightlife city areas (2020–2022).

Kate Fitz-Gibbon, PhD, is Associate Professor in Criminology in the Faculty of Arts and Director of the Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre at Monash University (Victoria, Australia). Kate conducts research in the field of family violence, femicide, criminal justice responses to family violence, and the impact of criminal law reform in Australia and internationally. Kate has advised on homicide law reform, family violence and youth justice reviews in several Australian and international jurisdictions.

Eleanor Gordon, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Development, Deputy Director of the Master in International Development Practice Programme and member of the Gender, Peace and Security Steering Committee at Monash University. She is the author of Conflict, Security and Justice (Macmillan 2019), and her research and practice focus on building security and justice after conflict and inclusive approaches to peacebuilding.

Bridget Harris, PhD, is an Australian Research Council 'Discovery Early Career Research Award' Fellow and and Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Australia. She works in the areas of domestic, family and sexual violence; technology-facilitated harm, advocacy and justice in the context of gender-based violence; spatiality (space, place, spacelessness) and access to justice.

Bodean Hedwards, PhD, is a lecturer in the Arts Faculty at Monash University who researches responses to slavery, human trafficking and related forms of exploitation. She completed her PhD in Criminology at Monash University and has previously worked as a Research Associate for the Border Crossings Observatory at Monash University and the Rights and Justice Priority Area at Nottingham University.

Kempe Ronald Hope, Sr. is a Director at Development Practice International, Ontario, Canada. He was formerly a senior official with the United Nations and the United States Agency for International Development and previously a Professor of Economics, Development Management and African Studies at universities in North America, the Caribbean and Africa.

Annette Hübschle, PhD, is a senior research fellow with the Global Risk Governance Programme at the University of Cape Town and a research fellow with the South African National Biodiversity Institute. Her research focuses on the governance of safety and security with a specific focus on illegal wildlife economies and environmental futures, as well as the interface between licit and illicit economies, and environmental and social justice.

Manuel Iturralde, PhD, holds a Bachelor's degree in Law from Universidad de los Andes, an LLM and a PhD degree in Law from the London School of Economics. Manuel is currently Codirector of the Prisons Group (a legal clinic) and an Associate Professor of the Law Department at Universidad de los Andes. Manuel has taught the following courses at the Law Department: Criminal Law, Criminology, Sociology of Law, Crime and Cinema and Constitutional Law. His research and academic interests focus on Criminology, Sociology of Punishment, Sociology of Law, Criminal Law and Constitutional Law.

Sasha Jesperson, PhD, is a senior analyst with RHIPTO Norwegian Center for Global Analyses, where she focuses on organised crime, terrorism, conflict and migration. Sasha has a PhD in political science from LSE, where she focused on responses to organised crime in peacebuilding missions, and an MSc in Human Rights. She is the author of Rethinking the Security-Development Nexus (Routledge, 2016). and co-editor of Militarised Responses to Transnational Organised Crime: The War on Crime (Palgrave, 2018).

Ronald C. Kramer, PhD, is a Professor of Sociology at Western Michigan University. His research specialties within criminology are corporate and state crime, international law and crime prevention and control strategies. He has published extensively on these topics and was the 2004 recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society of Criminology's Division on Critical Criminology. His latest book, Carbon Criminals, Climate Crimes, was published by Rutgers University Press in 2020.

Nicholas Lord, PhD, is a Reader in Criminology at the University of Manchester. Nicholas has research expertise in white-collar, financial and organised crimes and their regulation and control. He is currently undertaking funded research into the misuse of corporate vehicles in the concealment of illicit finances (PaCCS), the nature and governance of domestic bribery (British Academy), counterfeit alcohols (Alcohol Research UK), the finances of modern slavery (N8) and is undertaking a Global White-Collar Crime Survey (White & Case LLP). His book Regulating Corporate Bribery in International Business (2014, Routledge) was the winner of the British Society of Criminology Book Prize 2015.

Simon Mackenzie, PhD, is Professor of Criminology and Head of the School of Social and Cultural Studies at Victoria University of Wellington and Professor of Criminology, Law and Society at the University of Glasgow. He works on white-collar and organised crime. His writing on antiquities trafficking includes Going, Going, Gone (2005), Criminology and Archaeology (2009) and Trafficking Culture (2019). His latest book is Transnational Criminology (2020) which deals with trafficking in drugs, guns, diamonds, humans and wildlife, as well as antiquities.

Nerea Marteache, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Criminal Justice and the Assistant Director of the Center for Criminal Justice Research at California State University San Bernardino. Her scholarship focuses on crime prevention through opportunity reduction. She is currently working on projects on employee theft, crime in transportation systems and wildlife crime.

John E. McDonnell is a PhD student at the School of Advanced Study, University of London. His research examines colonialism, genocide and ecocide in West Papua.

Gorazd Meško, PhD, is a Professor of Criminology at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. He was a lead editor of books entitled on Trust and Legitimacy in Criminal Justice: European Perspectives (Meško & Tankebe; Springer, 2015), Handbook on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe (Meško, Fields, Lobnikar & Sotlar, 2013) and Managing and Understanding Threats to the Environment (Meško, Dimitrijević & Fields; Springer, 2011). He participated in a research project on water crimes in Europe (2016–2017) and is currently a lead researcher in a national research project on safety and security in local communities (2019–2024).

Sanja Milivojevic, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer at La Trobe University and Associate Director of Border Criminologies at Oxford University. Sanja has published five books and over 50 journal articles and book chapters in English and Serbian on issues such as borders and mobility, security technologies and surveillance and gender and victimisation.

Gohar A. Petrossian, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Criminal Justice and the Director of the International Crime and Justice Masters Program at John Jay College. Her research focuses on testing the application of environmental criminology theories, with a particular focus on global wildlife crimes. She is the author of the book The Last Fish Swimming: The Global Crime of Illegal Fishing (ABC-CLIO, Praeger Imprint).

Nathan W. Pino, PhD, is a Professor of Sociology and Honorary Professor of International Studies at Texas State University. Professor Pino conducts research on the linkages between globalisation, development, crime and crime control. He has also conducted research on violence, the sociology of deviance and the attitudes and behaviours of college students.

Imogen Richards, PhD, is a Lecturer in Criminology and Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Deakin University and the Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation. She is currently researching in the areas of development, political economy and securitisation. Her work has appeared in Critical Studies on Terrorism, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Terrorism and Political Violence, the British Journal of Criminology and the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, among other journals. She is contracted to publish on neo-jihadist organisations' engagement with neoliberal modes of governance with Manchester University Press in 2020.

Diana Rodriguez-Spahia, PhD, is a graduate of the Policy, Oversight and Administration Criminal Justice PhD program at John Jay College of Criminal Justice/CUNY Graduate Center. She is currently teaching in the Sociology Department at John Jay College of Criminal Justice and is the recipient of the inaugural CUNY Graduate Center Excellence in Teaching Award. She has published on migrant safety and feminist criminology and human rights. Her research interests include homeland security, gender and crime and the effects of gender expectations on workplace behaviour.

Marie Segrave, PhD, is an Associate Professor in Criminology at Monash University and an international expert in human trafficking and migrant labour exploitation. Marie has extensive national and international experience, including with the United Nations and the International Labour Organization, on projects focussing on the intersections between labour exploitation, regulation and vulnerability and between family violence, forced marriage and migration regulation.

Clifford Shearing, PhD, holds professorships at the Universities of Cape Town, Griffith and Montreal and positions at the University of New South Wales and the Durban University of Technology. His recent books include Security in the Anthropocene (Transcript, with Cameron Harrington), 2017, and Criminology and the Anthropocene (Routledge, 2017 edited with Cameron Holley).

Damien Short, PhD, is the Director of the Human Rights Consortium and a Professor of Human Rights and Environmental Justice at the School of Advanced Study, University of London. He has spent his entire professional career working in the field of human rights and environmental justice, both as a scholar and advocate. He has researched and published extensively in the areas of indigenous peoples' rights, genocide studies, reconciliation projects and environmental human rights. He is a regular academic contributor to the United Nations ‘Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples’ and an academic consultant for the ‘Ethical Trade Task Force’ of the Soil Association.

Monique C. Sosnowski is a doctoral student at John Jay College. She specialises in global wildlife conservation and wildlife crime, with focuses on illegal wildlife trade, poaching and security. She holds an MSc in Global Wildlife Health and Conservation from the University of Bristol.

Celine Tan, PhD, is a Reader in Law at the School of Law, University of Warwick. She holds a PhD (Warwick), LLM (Warwick) and LLB (London). She is also the Director of the Centre for Law, Regulation and Governance of the Global Economy based at Warwick Law School. Prior to Warwick, she was Lecturer in Law at the University of Birmingham. Celine's research centres on exploring aspects of international economic law and regulation with a focus on international development financing law, policy and governance. She has worked with international organisations and nongovernmental organisations in Europe, Africa and Asia on issues relating to social and economic development and human rights. She is the author of Governance through Development: Poverty Reduction Strategies, International Law and the Disciplining of Third World States (Routledge, 2011) and coeditor of the book series Law, Development and Global Justice (Edward Elgar).

Valeria Vegh Weis, PhD, is an Alexander von Humboldt Post-Doctoral Fellow at Freie Universität Berlin where she works on victims confrontation to state crime and transitional justice. She is also a Research Associate at the MPI for European Legal History where she focuses on the role of the Global South within transnational criminal regimes. She teaches criminology and transitional justice at Buenos Aires University and Quilmes National University in Argentina. She holds a PhD in Law and an LLM in Criminal Law from UBA and an LLM in International Legal Studies from New York University. She held a Fulbright and other prestigious fellowships including the Hauser Global. She is the author of Marxism and Criminology: A History of Criminal Selectivity (Brill, 2017) and has more than 15 years of experience working in the Argentinean judiciary.

Summer Walker is the New York Representative and a Senior Analyst at the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organised Crime. She has published on drug policy, human trafficking, cybercrime and organised crime. Ms Walker led a drug policy project at United Nations University ahead of UNGASS 2016 and has a wider background in human rights and development.

Sandra Walklate is the Eleanor Rathbone Chair of Sociology at Liverpool University having held previous appointments at Manchester Metropolitan, Keele, Salford and Liverpool Polytechnic where she began her career in January 1975. Throughout her career, she has maintained an interest in criminal victimisation that in more recent times has been extended both substantially and conceptually to include the impact of ‘new terrorism’ and war. Her most recent work has extended this interest in war through a critical engagement with criminological understandings of war and its consequences through a gendered lens. She is currently conjoint Professor of Criminology at the University of Monash, Melbourne, Australia.

Reece Walters, PhD, is a Professor of Criminology in the School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Deakin University. He was formerly Head of Social Policy and Criminology at the Open University in the United Kingdom and Head of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology at the University of Stirling in Scotland. His current research focuses on crimes and harms against the ‘essentials of life’, notably the ways in which states and corporations manipulate and exploit food, water and air for power and profit. He has published books in this area including Eco Crime and Genetically Modified Food (2011), Emerging Issues in Green Criminology (2013) with Tanya Wyatt and Diane Solomon and Too Much, Too Little, Too Dirty – Crime and Water Security in the 21st Century (2018) with Avi Brisman, Nigel South and Bill McClanahan. He is also pioneering new criminological initiatives with the publication of Southern Criminology (2018) with Kerry Carrington, Russell Hogg and Maximo Suozzo.

Danielle Watson, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Justice at Queensland University of Technology. She conducts research on police/civilian relations on the margins with particular interests in hotspot policing, police recruitment and training, as well as many other areas specific to policing in developing country contexts. She is the principal researcher on two ongoing project ‘Policing Pacific Island Communities’ and ‘Policing in the Global South’. She is also the sole author of Police and the Policed: Language and Power Relations on the Margins of the Global South (2019, Palgrave Macmillan).

Rob White, PhD, is a Professor of Criminology at the University of Tasmania in Australia. He completed his PhD at the Australian National University and is widely regarded as a pioneer in the field of green criminology. His research is focused on social and ecological justice, criminology and youth studies and he collaborates internationally on transnational law enforcement. He has published over 30 books including Climate Change Criminology (Bristol University Press, 2018), Environmental Harm (Policy Press, 2013) and Transnational Environmental Crime (Ashgate, 2013), along with over 200 articles and book chapters.

Kate Williams is both a Professor of Criminology at the University of South Wales and the Director of the Welsh Centre for Crime and Social Justice. Amongst other links, Kate sits on the Youth Justice Board (YJB) Cymru's Practice Development Panel and central YJB Academic Advisory Panel Steering Group.

Delanie Woodlock, PhD, is a community researcher and Adjunct Lecturer at the University of New England, Armidale, Australia. Her research interests include violence against women, domestic violence and the medicalisation of women's health. Her work has examined violence against women with disabilities, technology-facilitated abuse and the impact of trauma on women's mental health.

Tanya Wyatt, PhD, is Professor of Criminology at Northumbria University. She is a green criminologist specialising in research on wildlife trafficking, nonhuman animal welfare and corruption that facilitates environmental degradation. She is the author of Wildlife Trafficking: a deconstruction of the crime, the victims, and the offenders and coeditor of several books about green crime and social harm.

Ariel Yap is a Doctoral Researcher and Teaching Associate at Monash University. Her research uses historical and qualitative methods to examine the sociology of punishment and political detention in Southeast Asia. Her research has been published in the International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy.

Donna Yates, PhD, is an Associate Professor in Criminal Law and Criminology at Maastricht University. Her recent research interrogates the relationships between humans and objects within trafficking networks, with a particular focus on antiquities, fossils and collectable wildlife. Her recent books are on the topic The Market for Mesoamerica (2019) and Trafficking Culture (2019).

Foreword

Rt Hon Helen Clark

Foreword to Handbook on Crime, Justice and Sustainable Development

The Handbook on Crime, Justice and Sustainable Development presents critical thinking about the bold and visionary agenda embodied in the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and how it relates to issues of crime and justice. It examines a range of global challenges which current and future generations must tackle to improve the quality of individual lives and the health of communities and to sustain our planet's ecosystems. It emphasises the importance of international solidarity. The contributions, varied in focus and scope, emphasise the need for tolerance, mutual understanding, inclusion and responsiveness. These values sit at the heart of the SDGs.

It is 48 years since the landmark 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm recognised the importance of holistic approaches to human development and environmental protection. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by the UN General Assembly in September 2015, recognises not only the progress made but also the dire state of the global commons and of other aspects of life on our planet.

We face major challenges ranging from those of multidimensional poverty to gender and other inequalities and gender-based violence, pandemics, corruption, organised crime, exploitation of migrants and ecosystem degradation, including climate change. Addressing these challenges has become harder as the world grapples with the COVID-19 pandemic which has become a full-blown global health, economic and social crisis.

The 2030 Agenda is comprised of 17 SDGs and 169 targets. Taken together, they establish a universal framework for the realisation of human rights, human development and environmental sustainability. This handbook contains contributions from academics, practitioners and policy stakeholders who bring diverse and interdisciplinary perspectives to their examination and issues of justice and crime in the context of the SDGs.

Throughout my career in public life at the national and global levels, my aim has been to contribute to building sustainable, equitable and just societies. My role as, first, Prime Minister of New Zealand and then as United Nations Development Programme Administrator exposed me to the challenges faced by countries around the world as they endeavour to achieve sustainable development. I continue to advocate for tackling long-standing and multidimensional challenges such as gender inequality, poverty and environmental degradation. Dimensions of these issues are explored and illustrated by evidence-based research in this book.

Acknowledging new challenges while continuing to address known problems

Poverty, marginalisation, discrimination and unequal access to justice, climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution impact adversely on people’s lives around the world. They obstruct variously access to adequate income shelter, education and health services for all. We must reexamine how we address old challenges and tackle new ones in order to move forward. Doing so requires continued investment in gathering evidence and in good public policy design and implementation which supports all countries to build their capacity for action for sustainable development.

An area of particular concern is the risk of victimisation, which is unevenly distributed across groups in societies. In 2017, the International Labour Organization reported that more than 40 million people are still subjected to modern slavery, 71% of whom are women and girls. This grave human rights violation is exacerbated by poverty, cultural discrimination and a lack of access to legal and social justice. The complexity of these issues, their drivers and the need for evidence-based policy responses to them are tackled in several chapters in the Handbook.

Violence against girls and women is a pernicious blight on the realisation of their rights and on their ability to reach their full potential. The Handbook examines the policy challenges of addressing the high prevalence of violence against women globally and the prevalence of violence in other settings. Intimate partner violence continues to pose a significant threat to the health, well-being and safety of women and children worldwide.

The Handbook also examines the consequences of climate change as it relates to the UN's sustainable development agenda. Climate change exacerbates existing vulnerabilities, including those of the poorest peoples and countries who have played no part in causing it. The case for action to adapt to and mitigate climate change is clear and is elaborated on in this book.

The SDGs range across the many challenges facing our world. It is crucial that countries are held accountable to the broad commitments they made when agreeing to the SDGs, including to building secure and peaceful communities which uphold fundamental principles of justice, fairness and equality. Justice systems and their capacity to uphold human rights and act against discrimination need to be improved as part of that endeavour. Gender inequality remains pervasive. Indigenous people continue to be marginalised in many societies. Whole communities suffer disadvantage due to ethnicity and/or faith discrimination. To be LGBTIQ in many societies is to face repression, imprisonment and even death.

A call to action

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development can be a rallying cry to all nations to realise the vision of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is important to reaffirm that vision and to act against inequality and discrimination at the global, national and local levels. Furthermore, the overlapping nature of these issues suggests that addressing inequality and promoting social and environmental justice must also provide the basis for sustainable peace and citizen security in our communities.

The focus of the Handbook is on how crime, violence, exploitation and corruption come together to constitute significant challenges to human development and environmental sustainability. The pursuit of security and development should not come at the expense of human rights or social justice.

All societies face challenges in meeting the SDGs. Collaboration between the widest possible range of stakeholders is needed. As countries are increasingly interconnected through trade, migration and information and communications technologies, it is no surprise that policy decisions in one place can have substantial impacts elsewhere. This presents both opportunities and challenges.

The 2030 Agenda requires us to think holistically about ‘development’. That is vital for ensuring the health and well-being of people and our planet. The issues highlighted in this Handbook help us to better understand the steps which could be taken to implement the 2030 Agenda and achieve society-wide transformation for sustainable development.

There is a role for the academic community at large to play in advancing the 2030 Agenda. Universities can leverage their strengths in and capacity for cross-disciplinary research and teaching. Academics can help build the evidence base needed to inform sustainable development, as they have through their contributions to this book.

Research also contributes to achieving accountability, which is central to implementation of the 2030 Agenda. Progress on the Agenda should continue to be monitored to inform the development of future national progress reports, national indicators, measurement and evaluation. The Handbook highlights the links between the nature of governance and economic, social and environmental policies.

The challenges our world faces are daunting, but we can't walk away from them. The 2030 Agenda's vision of a world without poverty and conflict, where no one is left behind and where we achieve progress within nature's boundaries is compelling. The contributions to the Handbook contribute to our understanding of both the challenges and the solutions. I commend this publication to readers.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the contributors and colleagues who helped us review the chapters in this volume. We would also like to thank the team at Emerald for their enthusiastic support for this project and Ariel Yap and Meg Randolph who provided research and editorial assistance.