Index
Antonio Francesco Maturo
(University of Bologna, Italy)
Veronica Moretti
(University of Bologna, Italy)
Digital Health and the Gamification of Life: How Apps Can Promote a Positive Medicalization
ISBN: 978-1-78754-366-9, eISBN: 978-1-78754-365-2
Publication date: 16 October 2018
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
Maturo, A.F. and Moretti, V. (2018), "Index", Digital Health and the Gamification of Life: How Apps Can Promote a Positive Medicalization, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 169-176. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78754-365-220181013
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “n” with numbers indicate foot notes.
Accelerated society
, 4, 83, 118, 151
Acceleration
, 72, 107
of pace of life
, 72
of rhythms of life
, 107
of social changes
, 72, 107
Ad-hoc services
, 93
Adapted physical activity (APA)
, 140
Adapted physical exercise (APE)
, 140
Adherents
, 73
Age compression
, 31–32
Age extension
, 32
Age of anxiety
, 106, 109, 124
Aging
, 6, 31, 133–138
mitochondrial-free radical theory
, 43
population
, 143
AIDS
, 146
Alcoholism
, 49, 135
Algorithms
, 23–26, 103
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)
, 138, 149
American Medical Association (AMA)
, 138, 149
Amish community
, 73
“Anomie”
, 106, 131
Anxiety
, 122, 123, 130
age of
, 106, 109, 124
between loss of tradition and social acceleration
, 105–107
in risk society
, 107–110
Apple Health apps
, 141
Apps
, 103, 125, 152
Diet apps
, 152
digital meditation apps
, 110
DoctOral app
, 98–99
foster medicalization of mood
, 66–69
free trial
, 131
gamification in
, 3, 33
health apps
, 126, 152
interactions with
, 122–123
MapMyFitness apps
, 141
meditation apps
, 152
Mental health apps
, 152
self-tracking apps
, 66–67
stores
, 110
Atlas.ti
, 114
Attention
, 111
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
, 49, 66
Barker’s analysis
, 123
Bedside Medicine
, 96
Behavioral economics
, 10
Bills
, 21
Bingo
, 112
Bio-conservative attitudes
, 76
Biological-evolutionary perspective
, 136
Biomedical
complex
, 48
language
, 145
lexicon
, 145
Biomedicalization
, 53
Biomedicine
, 152
Bipolar disorder
, 66
Birth of the Clinic, The (Foucault)
, 95, 97
Black Future Social Club (BFSC)
, 23
Bleisure
, 30
“Blister” function
, 141
Body perception
, 129–130
Bureaucracy
, 89
Bureaucratic surveillance analysis
, 89
Burnout Society, The (Han)
, 73–74
Calculating power
, 22
“Calculating selves”
, 23
Capital-intensive surveillance
, 89
Capitalism
, 52, 131
infant ethos of
, 29–33
infantilizes consumers
, 31
Career management
, 44
Caries
, 60
Cholesterol-lowering drugs
, 57
Chronic conditions
, 133
families
, 134–135
inevitable growth of healthcare costs
, 135–137
overall decrease in PA
, 137–138
western society
, 133–134
Chronic diseases
, 134
Chronic fatigue
, 62
Chronic-degenerative diseases
, 134, 148
Citizen score
, 22
Clinical medicalization
, 152
Co-morbidity proliferation
, 65
Co-operational gamification
, 34
Cognitive psychology
, 10
Command-and-control government model
, 11
Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software
, 114
Computer–human interaction researchers
, 39–40
Conceptual medicalization
, 6, 52, 56–57, 70, 123, 145, 149, 151–152
Consumerism
, 57
Consumers
, 54–55
Consumption habits
, 21
Contemporary social media platforms
, 91
Content analysis
, 117, 122
Corporate management
, 78–79
Corporate tracking
, 100
Corporate wellbeing
, 100
Credit cards
, 21
Credit score
, 27
Critical thinkers
, 2
Cultural and structural inertia
, 74
Data-driven approach
, 101
“Data-driven life”
, 10, 26, 125
Data-driven research
, 23–26
Dataveillance
, 5, 91–93
Datification
, 93, 101
De-politicization
, 11–12
De-stressing function of app
, 123
Deceleration
, 72, 83
functional
, 83, 110, 127
intentional
, 74
oases of
, 73
unintentional delay
, 73–74
Demographics
, 146
Depression
, 66
“Deregulatory state ideology”
, 58
Design standards
, 16
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
, 4, 12, 63
and quantified diagnosis
, 59–63
Diagnostic psychiatry
, 12, 63
Diet apps
, 152
Digital health
, 104, 143
approaching surveillance through sociological theories
, 85–90
dark side of
, 99
digital surveillance
, 90–93
m-Health
, 100–101
self-entrepreneur
, 101–102
self-tracking practices
, 99–100
softening of self-surveillance
, 97–99
studies
, 2
and surveillance
, 94–97
vitality
, 102–103
Digital meditation
, 118, 121, 123, 125–127
apps
, 110
questionnaire
, 153–156
Digital solidarity
, 141–143
Digital surveillance
, 90–93, 102
Digital technologies
, 91, 98, 104
Digital therapy
, 5–6, 123–124, 126
Digitalization
, 31, 40, 43
wellness
, 141
Disciplinary institutions
, 91
Discomfortness
, 47, 63, 73, 105, 119, 123
Disease, illness, and sickness (DIS)
, 59–61
Disease mongering
, 4, 53–55
“Distant governance”
, 16–17
DoctOral app
, 98–99
“Domestication” of individuals
, 87
Driving habits of person
, 99
Dynamics of health systems
, 143
Dynamization
, 72
Economic forces
, 53–54
EIM Global Health Initiative
, 139
Emilia–Romagna Case
, 140
“Emotion-risk assemblage” theory
, 43
Emotional capital
, 147
Endoptikon
, 3, 39–45
Entrepreneurial governmentality
, 81
Entrepreneurial subject
, 81
Epidemic of mental disorders
, 63–66
“Eschatological” scenarios
, 33
Ethical attitudes
, 76
Eurobarometer
, 137
European Initiative for Exercise in Medicine (EIEIM)
, 139
Evidence-based governance
, 11
Evidence-based medicine
, 19, 151
Exercise is Medicine (EIM)
, 6, 138, 144, 149
chronic conditions, ageing, and cost of physical inactivity
, 133–138
digital solidarity
, 141–143
evolution
, 138–139
fostering positive digital medicalization
, 143–147
PA as therapy
, 140–141
prescribing pills of exercise
, 138
spillover effects of fitness
, 147–148
Extimacy
, 43–45
Facebook
, 34, 44, 92–93, 97
Fibromyalgia
, 62
Financial algorithms “make decisions”
, 10
Financial capital
, 147
Fitbits
, 102
watches
, 141
Fitness
, 146, 148
fitness-tracking devices
, 100
spillover effects of
, 147–148
Forced labor
, 86
Foucault’s picture of control
, 86
Foucault’s treatment of surveillance
, 88
Fox-effect
, 32
Fractal geometry
, 98
Framing
, 3, 39, 68, 70
Functional deceleration
, 74, 83, 110, 127
Futile diagnostics
, 55
Games
, 1, 3, 35–37, 68
Gamification
, 1–4, 33–35, 99, 146, 152
features
, 112
governmentality and endoptikon
, 39–45
of HS
, 112, 113
infant ethos of capitalism
, 29–33
philosophy of Jane McGonigal
, 35–39
Gamification and future of education
, 1
Garmin watches
, 141
Generational misfortune
, 30
Genetic predisposition
, 55
Globesity
, 6, 136
Google Form
, 114
Google Play
, 110
Google search engine
, 1
Governmentality
, 39–45, 78, 80
entrepreneurial
, 81–82
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
, 22
Grounded theory
, 25–26
Headspace app (HS app)
, 110–111, 123, 126
quantitative analysis
, 114–117
and research-design
, 110–114
Health
apps
, 126, 152
behavior change
, 2
care realm
, 34
IQ
, 102
management model
, 100
and surveillance
, 94–97
Health surveillance
health-insurance companies
, 104
Italian health surveillance initiative
, 94
and medicine
, 96
policies
, 103
public
, 94
Health-related surveillance
, 104
Healthcare costs
, 135
inevitable growth of
, 135–137
Healthism
, 47–51, 97
Healthization
, 50
Healthy lifestyles
, 148
Heart attack
, 62
Heartbeats
, 10
Hierarchical model
, 11
“Hospital Medicine”
, 96
Human capital model
, 147
Human enhancement
, 42–43, 74–78
Human life cycle
, 137
Human standard
, 16
Humanity
, 135
Illness, experienced
, 66
Immutable mobiles
, 14
In vitro fertilization
, 75
“Indicator culture”
, 2, 42, 45
Indicators
, 10
Individual capital
, 147
Individual life cycle
, 137
Inevitable growth of healthcare costs
, 135–137
Infant ethos of capitalism
, 29–33
Infantilization of consumer
, 32
Institutional language
, 14
Institutional medicalization
, 52
Institutional sickness
, 66
Intellectual capital
, 147
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
, 22
Intentional deceleration
, 74
Interactional medicalization
, 52, 56–57
Interactions with app
, 122–123
“Interstitial” activity
, 30
Interveillance
, 5, 45, 91
Intra-actions
, 41–42
iTunes
, 110
Junk food
, 49, 136
Justice system
, 86
La sorveglianza Passi
, 94
Laboratory Medicine
, 96
The Lancet
, 138
Learning practices
, 33
“Let’s Move for Better World” initiative
, 141–143
Library Medicine
, 96
Life expectancy
, 148
“Linguistic turn”
, 13
LinkedIn
, 93
Local Health Authorities (LHA)
, 140
Lung tumor gene
, 49
m-Health
, 100, 103
Machine-learning approach
, 24
Management characteristic
, 17
MapMyFitness apps
, 141
Market surveillance
, 88
McGonigal, Jane
, 35–39
Mechanical solidarity
, 106
Medical dominance
, 52–53, 65
Medical domination
, 152
Medical jurisdiction
, 65
Medical knowledge
, 95
Medical language
, 145
Medical technology
, 135
Medicalization
, (see also Positive medicalization), 3, 51, 97, 144–145, 149
apps foster medicalization of mood
, 66–69
consumers
, 54–55
drivers
, 53
DSM and quantified diagnosis
, 59–66
economic forces
, 53–54
organization of care
, 56
and pharmaceuticalization
, 56–59
technology
, 55–56
therapy culture and healthism
, 47–51
Medicalized perception of body
, 123
Meditation
, 110, 111
apps
, 126, 152
bodily changes
, 120
body perception
, 129–130
changes in mood
, 117–120
digital therapy
, 124–126
interactions with app
, 122–123
productivity
, 120–122
relaxing and stressful at same time
, 117
stress
, 126–128
as therapy
, 123
Menstrual cycle
, 10
Mental disorder
, 58
Mental health apps
, 152
Mental illness
, 129
Meta-narratives
, 106, 131
crisis
, 151
Metaphorical language
, 146
Mindfulness
, 110
Misdiagnosis
, 55
Mobile devices
, 97
Mobile-Health (M-Health)
, 34
Modern surveillance
, 89
Modern technology
, 90
Modernity
, 107
Modernity, late
, 107
Mood
, 129
changes in
, 117–120
tracking
, 110
“Motivation messages”
, 112
Motivational gamification
, 34
Movergy Index
, 141
MOVEs
, 142
“MuoviBo” app
, 140
National Alliance on Mental Illness
, 57
National Health Service
, 94
Natural limits
, 72–73
Naturalization
, 13
Neo-Luddism
, 6
“Neoliberal bureaucratization of world”
, 11–12
Neoliberal subjects
, 4, 79–80, 82
Neoliberalism
, 12, 31, 83–84
Network sociality
, 92
Neuro-chemical processes
, 48
“Neurochemical self”
, 129
“Neutral” conception of surveillance
, 90
New surveillance
, 90–91, 93
standards and practices
, 98
“Niche standardization”
, 16, 18
Non-communicable diseases
, 134
Non-panoptic theories
, 86, 103
Nosology
, 95n4
Numerical thresholds
, 10
Oases of deceleration
, 73
Obesity
, 103, 135
“Obesity epidemic”
, 136
OKkio alla SALUTE system
, 94
On-exerciser
, 146
Optimization and human enhancement
, 74–78
“Organic” solidarity
, 106
Organization of care
, 56
Organizational characteristic
, 17
Organizational culture
, 18
“Outdoor” function
, 141
Overdetection
, 55
Overdiagnosis
, 4
Overmedicalization
, 144
Panhealthitism
, 50
Panoptic theories
, 103
of surveillance
, 88
Panoptic theory
, 85–86
Panopticon
, 86–87
conception of control
, 92
Passi surveillance program
, 94
Performance standard
, 16
Personal Identification Number (PIN)
, 41
Personal information
, 21
Personal responsibility
, 134
Personal scores
and ratings
, 27
social classes to
, 20–26
Personnel management
, 81
Pertinent surveillance systems
, 88
Pharmaceutical industry
, 57
Pharmaceutical treatment
, 64
Pharmaceuticalization
, 56–59
Physical activity (PA)
, 134, 139, 145, 147, 149
overall decrease in PA
, 137–138
as therapy
, 140–141
Physical capital
, 147–148
Physical exercise
, 146
Physical inactivity
chronic diseases related to
, 142
cost of
, 133–138
Physiology
, 10
Political economy
of food products
, 136
of pharmaceutical industry
, 57–58
Positive digital medicalization
, 143–147
Positive medicalization
, (see also Medicalization), 6, 144
anxiety between loss of tradition and social acceleration
, 105–107
anxiety in risk society
, 107–110
Headspace app and research-design
, 110–117
meditation as therapy
, 123–130
meditation relaxing and stressful
, 117–123
Post-Fordism capitalism
, 40
Post-Fordistic economy
, 3, 40
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
, 67
Postmodern condition
, 130
Postmodernism
, 106
Power
, 97
Pre-modernity
, 107
“Prediabetes”
, 55
Prescribing pills of exercise
, 138–143
Prevention
, 48
Primary prevention
, 95
Procedural standard
, 16
Productive capacity of person
, 79
Productivity
, 113, 120–122
Prosocial emotions
, 36
Protestant ethos
, 31
Proto-clinic
, 95
Pseudodisease
, 55
Psychotherapy
, 57
“Psyculture”
, 110
Public health surveillance
, 94
Public language
, 14
Public sector
, 11
Quantifact
, 26, 42
Quantification rise and power of numbers
, 9–15
Quantified-self (QS)
, 71
optimization and human enhancement
, 74–78
Self of QS
, 78–83
social acceleration, optimization, and QS
, 71–74
Quantitative analysis of HS
, 114–117
“Quantitative Self” group
, 26
Questionnaire digital meditation
, 153–156
Rankings
, 10
The Razor’s Edge
, 124
“Ready-to-use” scientific facts
, 13
Reductionism and proliferation of disorders
, 64
Rehabilitation
, 48
Research & Development (R&D)
, 4
Ripple effect
, 82
Risk society, anxiety in
, 107–110
Risk-factor monitoring
, 104
Risk-reduction
, 48
Saver gene
, 136
Science, Technology, and Society (STS)
, 13
Secondary prevention
, 95
Secularization
, 107
Self-entrepreneur
, 78–83, 101
Self-management
, 17, 78–79
Self-surveillance, softening of
, 97–99
Self-tracking
, 2, 4, 10–11, 14, 98–99, 102, 152
apps
, 66–67
component of HS
, 113
deconstructing standardization
, 15–19
modalities
, 67
practices
, 99–100
from social classes to personal scores
, 20–26
Semantic illness
, 66
Sesame Credit Score
, 20
Shift-work sleep disorder
, 62
Sickscapes
, 66
SkinVision app
, 98
Smartphone technology
, 122
Smartwatches
, 100
Smoking
, 135
“Sociability” score
, 42
Social acceleration
, 71–74, 107
anxiety between loss of tradition and
, 105–107
Social capital
, 147
Social classes to personal scores
, 20
algorithms and data-driven research
, 23–26
citizen score
, 22
educational sociological case study
, 21
SCS
, 20
Social connections
, 36
Social credit system (SCS)
, 20
Social deceleration
, 72
Social engagement
, 21
Social inequality theory
, 136–137
Social institutions
, 107
Social media
, 90
Social networks
, 93, 148
“Social physique”
, 51
Social system
, 61
Social Wall
, 23
Social-exclusion effects
, 3
Socialization
, 33
Society
, 48, 107
of control
, 87
The Society of Uneasiness
, 73–74
Socio-cultural perspective of analysis
, 66–67
Socio-economic
causes of obesity
, 136
characteristics
, 24–25
Sociological theories
approaching surveillance through
, 85
panoptic theory
, 85–86
Sociologists
, 41–42
Sociology
, 106
of diagnosis
, 61–63
Softening of self-surveillance
, 97–99
Spillover effects of fitness
, 147–148
Sport
, 152
Standard biomedical human
, 16
Standards/standardization
, 15
deconstructing standardization
, 15–19
design
, 16
performance
, 16
procedural
, 16
terminological
, 16
Statistical analysis
, 114
Stress
, 123–124, 126–130
SuperBetter app
, 35
Surveillance
, 87–89
Bureaucratic surveillance analysis
, 89
capital-intensive
, 89
capitalism
, 93
digital
, 90–93, 102
Foucault’s treatment of
, 88
health and
, 94–97
health-related
, 104
Market
, 88
modern
, 89
“neutral” conception of
, 90
panoptic theories of
, 88
Passi surveillance program
, 94
pertinent surveillance systems
, 88
public health
, 94
through sociological theories
, 85
through sociological theories
, 85–90
traditional
, 90
Surveillance by state
, 88
“Surveillance Medicine”
, 96–97
Syndromization
, 12
Synopticism
, 92
Synopticon
, 5, 91–92, 104
“Tech-enthusiastic” attitudes
, 76
Techno-enthusiastic wave
, 101
Technoenthusiasts
, 2
Technogym app
, 141–142, 149
Technological/technology
, 93
acceleration
, 71, 107
convergence
, 90
solutionism
, 5, 101
Television
, 90
Terminological standards
, 16
Tertiary prevention
, 95
Therapy culture and healthism
, 47–51
Traditional broadcasting systems
, 91
Traditional public health-based approach
, 138
Traditional surveillance
, 90
Transhumanism
, 75
Tuberculosis
, 62
Twitter
, 93, 97
Unintentional delay
, 73
Univariate data
, 114
Video game
, 31
Violent crime
, 86
Vitality
, 102
Voluntary participation of players
, 36
Wearable devices
, 100, 141
Weisure
, 29–33, 40, 45
Wellness culture
, 148
Wellness Enthusiasts
, 142
Western society
, 148
World Economic Forum (WEF)
, 142
World Health Organization (WHO)
, 50, 94, 135
World Trade Organisation (WTO)
, 64
YouTube
, 93
- Prelims
- Introduction
- Chapter 1 Self-Tracking and the Quantification of Everyday Life
- Chapter 2 Getting Things Done: Gaming and Framing
- Chapter 3 How Apps Foster Medicalization
- Chapter 4 The Self of the Quantified Self
- Chapter 5 The Dark Side of Digital Health
- Chapter 6 The Positive Medicalization: Digital Meditation
- Chapter 7 Exercise is (also) Medicine
- Chapter 8 Conclusion
- Appendix: Questionnaire Digital Meditation
- References
- Index