Index

Citation

Lenskyj, H.J. (2018), "Index", Gender, Athletes’ Rights, and the Court of Arbitration for Sport (Emerald Studies in Sport and Gender), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 203-222. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78743-753-120181007

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited

---

INDEX

Aboriginal peoples, Indigenous people

, 16, 152, 153

Abramova, Olga

, 100, 102–103

Accountability

, 23, 25, 27, 161

Achievement model of sport

, 78

Activism, activists

, 1, 2, 17, 156

Ad Hoc Division (AHD)

, 20, 22, 31, 35, 37, 47, 84, 113, 125, 145–147

Adolescents

, 119, 138

Advocacy, advocates

, 4, 25, 26, 28, 81, 91, 135, 136

Africa, Africans

, 79, 124, 139, 142

African Americans

, 17, 95

African Games (1923)

, 79

Aggravating circumstances

, 89, 91, 95–96, 109

Aggression, aggressive behaviour

, 129, 133, 146

Agha, Siza

, 97

Aguero, Sergio

, 156

Ailes, Roger

, 21

Alcohol

, 93, 107, 150, 157

Amateurs, amateurism

, 17, 86

Amenorrhea

, 119

America, American. See United States (US)

Anderson, Jack

, 5, 13, 31, 32, 57

Androgens

, 119, 121, 127–131, 140

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

, 118, 131

Anti-corruption law

, 25

Anti-discrimination

, 50

Anti-doping

, 23, 32, 38, 62, 71–114, 116, 118, 120, 135, 143, 147

agencies, governance problems of

, 98–100

campaigns

, 71, 114

discourse

, 76–79

global efforts

, 74–75

rules

, 61, 64, 76, 79

See also Doping; War on doping

Anti-doping Laboratory, Moscow

, 107, 108

Anti-doping Rule Violation (ADRV)

, 72, 91, 108, 109

Anti-racist, anti-racism

, 17, 156

Appropriate dispute resolution

, 20

Arbitration of international disputes

, 21–23

Armstrong, Lance

, 85, 95, 103, 141

Arroyo, Agustin

, 39–40

Article 8 (European Convention on Human Rights)

, 86

Article 10.6 (WADA Code)

, 91

Article 81 (EC Convention)

, 59

Arts, artists

, 162–163

Asia, Asian

, 36, 118, 124, 139, 141, 142

Association of National Olympic Committees (ANOC)

, 34

Association of Summer Olympic Games International Federations

, 32

Association of Tennis Professionals

, 30

Athens 2004 Summer Olympic Games

, 94, 130

Athlete Biological Passport (ABP)

, 105, 127–128, 140, 141

Athletes’ Commission (IOC)

, 34, 53

Athletics Kenya

, 100

Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympic Games

, 16

Australia, Australians

, 33, 53–54, 80, 83, 94, 95, 133, 152, 153, 155

ASADA Amendment Bill of

, 2013, 87

Australian Athletes’ Alliance

, 88

Australian Football League (AFL)

, 8, 132

Australian Olympic Committee (AOC)

, 26, 53, 56, 148–152

Australian Swimming Union

, 144

Swimming Australia

, 149

Austria

, 85

Bach, Thomas

, 14, 66, 67, 111–113

Barak, Efraim

, 38

Baumann, Patrick

, 108

Beamish, Rob

, 79

Beijing 2008 Summer Olympic Games

, 16, 143, 150

Bell, Alasdair

, 65

Beloff, Michael

, 5, 13–15, 26, 46

Belov, Evgeniy

, 108

Benfica decision

, 63

Bennett, Annabelle

, 125, 128

Bermon, Stéphane

, 120, 121, 123–125, 127–130

Bernasconi, Michele

, 38

Bias, biased

, 6, 16, 47, 52, 61, 137

Biathlon

, 102

Bids, bidding

, 32, 42, 44, 68, 160

Bid cities

, 44, 68

Binary thinking

, 14, 116, 122, 126, 132, 136, 157

Biological determinism

, 19

Biology, biological

, 105, 119, 126, 137

Black athletes

, 98, 124, 141, 153

Blackshaw, Ian

, 3, 5, 31, 42–43, 64

Blainey, Justine

, 1

Blatter, Sepp

, 43, 46, 59

Blood samples

, 103, 105, 106, 118, 127, 133, 140

Bobsleigh

, 26

Body experience model of sport

, 78

Body image

, 80

Body type

, 119, 124, 144

Bolt, Usain

, 95, 124

Booth, Doug

, 80

Bosman decision

, 58, 64

Brazil, Brazilian

, 43, 63, 95

Bribery and corruption

, 24, 25, 27, 30, 37, 40, 42–44, 81, 153, 161

British Olympic Association (BOA)

, 96–98

Brownell, Susan

, 15

Bryant, Kobe

, 103

Bullying

, 26

Burden of proof

, 89, 90, 112, 126

Bureaucracy

, 99

Byrnes, Andrew

, 6, 23

Byrne-Sutton, Quentin

, 38

Campbell, Morgan

, 142

Canada, Canadians

, 1, 36, 50, 53, 54

Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport (CCES)

, 51, 134

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

, 1, 50, 51

Canadian Human Rights Act

, 51, 132

Canadian Human Rights Commission

, 50

Canadian Olympic Committee

, 156

Ministry of State for Sport

, 132

Sport Canada

, 132

Canas, Guillermo

, 29, 30

Cannabidiol, cannabinoids

, 93

Carbon isotope ratio test

, 118

Cardiovascular fitness

, 117

Carlson, Gretchen

, 21

Carrard, Francois

, 37

Carrard, Kellerhals

, 37, 38, 110

CAS Code

, 7, 16, 17, 28, 34, 39, 42, 48, 53–55, 68, 90

Catlin, Don

, 81

Caucasians

, 118, 139, 140, 142

Cavalieros, Philippe

, 52

Celebrities

, 4, 103, 151, 152, 158

Chambers, Dwain

, 97, 98

Chand, Dutee

, 36, 124–126, 130, 136, 157, 161

Cheating

, 4, 5, 43, 77, 85, 94–96, 141, 159, 163

Childbearing

, 123

Child, children

, 4, 95, 143, 152

sexual abuse

, 24

China, Chinese

, 52–53, 96

Chinese athletes

, 140, 141

fight against doping

, 74

human rights violations in

, 15–16

Chromosomes, chromosomal

, 123, 133

Civil rights

, 88

‘Clean athletes’

, 77

‘Clean sport’

, 9, 77, 114, 160

Clenbuterol

, 96

Clitoridectomy

, 122

Closed list, of CAS arbitrators

, 51–57, 160

Coaches, coaching

, 73, 85, 95, 112, 113, 153–155

Coates, John

, 34, 53, 54, 88, 99, 111, 113

Code of Sports-Related Arbitration

, 28, 34, 55

Codes of conduct

, 50, 155

Coe, Sebastian

, 95, 98

Cold War

, 73

Colonialism, colonialist

, 97

‘Comfortable satisfaction’

, 89, 112

Commercial, business matters

, 17, 18, 21, 29, 42, 47, 66–67, 71, 86, 144, 156, 161

Commonwealth Games

, 133

Communism, Communists

, 73, 80

Comsti, Carmen

, 22, 23

Confidentiality, of arbitration proceedings

, 7, 21, 41–44, 122

Conflict of interest

, 37, 39, 40, 52, 55, 99, 120, 160

Conservatism, conservative politics

, 132, 141

Consistency problems, in CAS decisions

, 44, 75, 89, 100, 102, 104, 105, 112, 113

Contracts

, 17, 21, 22, 28–30, 60, 63, 71, 135, 144, 145, 148–151, 161

Corporations

, 3, 24, 35, 47

Costs, of appeals

, 21, 22, 31, 33, 46–49, 54, 57, 62, 80

Cottrell, Sean

, 26, 46

Council of Europe

, 58

Coubertin, Pierre de

, 79

Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS)

1994 reforms

, 32–35

Ad Hoc Division (AHD)

, 20, 22, 31, 35, 37, 47, 84, 113, 125, 145–147

Appeals Division

, 34, 148

closed list problem

, 51–57

contribution to development of law

, 44–46

governance issues

, 24–28

jurisdiction

, 28–32

lack of independence

, 33, 40, 53, 61, 160

Ordinary Division

, 34

repeat parties

, 8

and sport exceptionalism

, 41–68

stacked decks problem

, 8, 40, 75, 109, 157

war against doping

, 71–114

Cricket

, 151

Criminal offences

, 25, 88

Criminalization, of doping

, 84–91

Crow, Tammy

, 94

Culture, cultural

, 2, 20, 26, 52, 78, 129, 153

Cycling, cyclists

, 38, 75, 95–97, 133, 135, 136, 150

Cycling Canada (CC)

, 135

Cyprus Football Association

, 61–62

Danish Institute for Sport Studies

, 25

D’Arcy, Nicholas

, 148–152, 154, 155

Defamation

, 95, 96

Deleanu, Irina

, 146

‘Delegation of responsibility’ defense

, 104

Democracy, democratic

, 19, 20, 24, 25, 27, 52, 58, 66, 99, 159

Detection, of doping

, 81–83

Diamond, Michael

, 151

Dimeo, Paul

, 75, 81–83

Discrimination, discriminatory

, 2, 50, 51, 113, 126, 132, 135, 153

Disorders of Sexual Development (DSD)

, 121–123

‘Disrepute’ charges

, 68, 115, 144–151, 153–155, 158

Doctors

, 101, 102, 103, 104, 123, 134, 138, 147

Donagrandi, Stefano

, 153–154

Doping

, 2, 4–6, 8, 9, 15–17, 29, 32, 36, 38, 42, 43, 59, 61–62, 64, 68, 115–158

criminalization of

, 84–91

decisions regarding women, inconsistencies in

, 100–105

legalization of

, 80–81

war against

, 71–114

See also Anti-doping; War on doping

Doping tests

, 74, 83, 99, 100, 102, 103, 137, 138, 141, 163

Double jeopardy

, 56, 97

Double standard

, 103, 155, 158

Drink driving

, 94, 148, 150, 151, 156

‘Drug cheat’ label

, 5, 43, 77, 94–96, 159

Drug testing, See Doping tests

Duval, Antoine

, 6, 31, 106, 149, 160, 161

EC Convention

, 91, 110

Economic issues

, 17, 45, 58, 59, 64, 68, 83

Education, educational

, 4, 78, 81, 83, 86

Eichberg, Henning

, 78

Eligibility

, 53, 55, 56, 71, 97, 111, 113, 117, 118, 121, 123, 124, 131–133

English. See United Kingdom (UK)

Environmental issues

, 18, 76, 140, 142

Epstein, David

, 141–143

Equality

, 20, 25, 27, 40, 54

Equestrian sports

, 32, 39, 115

Equity, equitable

, 27, 47, 81, 162

Estrogen

, 117

Estrogen replacement therapy

, 122–123

Ethic of care

, 18

Ethics, ethical

, 15, 45, 86, 121, 123, 148, 156, 159

Ethical Behaviour By-law

, 148

Ethnicities

, 2, 4–8, 19, 71, 115, 139–142, 151–157

Ethnic minorities

, 2, 16, 114, 159

Europe, Europeans

, 36, 58, 60

European Commission (EC)

, 60, 67

Sport Unit

, 64

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)

, 65, 91, 93

Article

, 8, 86

European Court of First Instance

, 59

European Court of Human Rights

, 86

European Court of Justice (ECJ)

, 58–60

European Economic Community Treaty

Article

, 48, 58

European Union (EU)

, 3, 58–60, 85, 120

law and sports exceptionalism

, 64–67

White Paper on Sport

, 2007, 64

Evald, Jens

, 108

Evidence-based policy

, 162

Excel Washout Schedule

, 109

Experts, expertise

, 1, 5, 16, 31, 34, 47, 60, 81, 121, 124–126, 130, 136, 142, 143, 162

Exploitation, exploitative

, 125, 134, 141, 143, 153, 159

Fair, fairness

, 4, 15, 18, 20, 31, 52, 66, 77, 78, 84, 86, 92, 110, 114, 116, 121, 126, 127, 131, 147, 149

‘Family of sport’

, 31, 41, 42, 82, 87, 161

Faster/higher/stronger model of sport

, 79

FC Barcelona

, 154

Federal Arbitration Act (FAA)

, 22–23

Federal Constitutional Court of Germany

, 107

Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI)

, 32

Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)

, 8, 25, 32, 35, 36, 43, 46, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 161

Ethics Committee

, 43

Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG)

, 166

Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA)

, 35, 46, 154

Fédération Internationale de Ski (FIS)

, 166

Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB)

, 166

Female athlete triad

, 119

Feminism, feminists

, 18–21, 40, 136

Fertility

, 72

Field hockey

, 151

‘Field of play’ disputes

, 16, 152

Fight against doping. See War on doping

Figure skating, figure skaters

, 67, 94, 132, 153, 154

Findlay, Hilary

, 6, 51, 144

Fitness, cardiovascular

, 117

Fitness model of sport

, 78

Flanagan, Anna

, 151

Football (soccer)

, 3, 7, 37, 38, 43, 52, 58, 61, 63, 139, 145, 151, 139

See also Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)

Forced arbitration

, 21–23, 29, 40, 57, 106, 159

Foster, Ken

, 6, 45

France, French

, 30, 53, 54, 85, 122

Fraser, Dawn

, 145

Frechette, Sylvie

, 147

Freeman, Cathy

, 152–153

French, Mark

, 96

Fridman, Saul

, 24

Fumagalli, Luigi

, 38

Fundamental Principle

, 2

Olympic Charter

, 26

Fundamental Principle

, 5

Olympic Charter

, 66

Fundamental Principle

, 6

Olympic Charter

, 50

Fury, Tyson

, 77

Garnier, Pierre-Yves

, 120, 127–130

Gatlin, Justin

, 95–96, 103

Gay Games

, 50

Gender

, 19, 71, 151–157

differences, sex differences

, 19, 72, 117, 121, 129, 137, 157

diversity

, 20

equality

, 20, 25, 27, 54

equity

, 27

fluidity

, 115

parity

, 26

policing

, 8, 115–117, 120

reassignment surgery

, 131

testing

, 2

transition

, 116, 133

variance, variant

, 8, 115–117, 123, 132, 138, 141, 157, 159, 162

Genetic gifts

, 123, 162

Genetics

, 142

Genotype

, 139–140

Geography, geographical

, 25, 53, 140, 142

George, Patrick

, 94, 145, 151

German Democratic Republic

state-ordered doping program

, 73

German, Germany

, 7, 32, 96, 106, 107

German Federal Court of Justice

, 106

GH-2000 project

, 120–121

GH-2004 project

, 120

Gilligan, Carol

, 19, 42

Governance

, 40, 45, 58, 66, 71, 76, 93, 114, 149, 160

anti-doping agencies

, 98–100

Court of Arbitration for Sport

, 24–28

Greece, Greeks

, 78

Greene, Paul

, 75, 101

Gremion, Gerald

, 134

Growth hormone (GH)

, 120–121

Gullo, Nick

, 143

Gundel case

, 32–33, 48

Gymnastics, gymnasts

, 39, 128, 132, 146, 147

Haas, Ulrich

, 38, 65

Harassment

, 20, 26, 116, 153

Harding, Tonya

, 94, 136

Harm reduction

, 81

Harmony ideology

, 18

Haug, Therese

, 100

Havelange, Joao

, 32, 43

Health

, 72, 78, 79, 81, 86, 93, 102, 121, 123, 135

Henderson, Paul

, 44

Heptathlon, heptathletes

, 77

High-performance athletes

, 139

Hill, Jonathon

, 64

Hispanic

, 139, 140, 142

Hockey, ice

, 1, 39, 156, 157

Hockey Canada

, 156

Hodge, Greg

, 95

Hodler, Marc

, 39

Holland, Laurel

, 133

Homophobia, homophobic

, 77, 159

Hooper, Damien

, 152, 153

Hormones, hormonal

, 117, 118, 120–122, 130, 133, 135

Human rights

, 9, 51, 88, 93, 131, 135, 157, 159, 161

organizations

, 23, 86

protections

, 114, 132

violations, abuses

, 15–16, 23, 49

Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario (HRTO)

, 135

Hyperandrogenism, hyperandrogenic

, 118–126

Ibarrola, Jorge

, 60–61

Ideology, ideological

, 18

Impartiality

, 31, 32, 34, 46, 55, 60–63, 124

Independent Testing Authority (ITA)

, 99

Indigenous peoples. See Aboriginal peoples, Indigenous peoples

Infantino, Gianni

, 59–60

Inside Sport

, 80

Intent, intentionality

, 8, 33, 84, 87, 89, 90, 92–94, 98, 102

International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)

, 6, 15, 32, 35, 36, 46, 82, 95, 96, 98, 101, 116, 120–131, 137, 157, 162, 161

Competition Rules of 2013/14

, 89

doping controversies

, 108–110

Regulations Governing Eligibility of Females with Hyperandrogenism to Compete in Women’s Competition

, 121–122

Rule 40.8

, 101

International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF)

Doping Hearing Panel

, 110

International Canoe Federation (ICF)

, 165

International Council of Arbitration for Sport (ICAS)

, 20, 32–34, 39, 43, 47, 49, 51–55, 99, 111, 160

ICAS Statutes

, 37–39

International federations (IFs)

, 13, 22, 24, 26, 32, 34–37, 39, 43–45, 47, 50, 51, 53–55, 64, 74, 93, 99, 136, 149

International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics

, 60

International Olympic Committee (IOC)

, 6, 13, 17, 22, 28, 59, 98, 99, 111–112

Athletes’ Commission

, 34

codes of conduct

, 50

Consensus Meeting on Sex Reassignment and Hyperandrogenism

, 131

governance issues

, 24–28

as moral authority

, 50

World Conference on Women and Sport

, 26

International Skating Union (ISU)

, 67, 105, 153, 154

ISU Code

, 153

International Sports Law Journal (ISLJ)

, 26

International Tennis Federation (ITF)

, 102

International Weightlifting Federation (IWF)

, 166

Interpreters

, 47, 109

ISL Sports Marketing

, 43

Italy, Italians

, 85

Jamaica Anti-doping Commission (JADCO)

, 100–101

Japan, Japanese

, 142

Jedlicka, Scott

, 76–78

Johaug, Therese

, 100, 104–105

Journalists

, 21, 44, 81, 96, 103, 116, 137, 141, 142, 152

Judo

, 39

Jurisdiction

, 28–32

Jurisprudence

, 2, 57, 102, 105, 111, 115

Kaepernick, Colin

, 156

Karolinska Institute

, 119, 120

Kaufmann-Kohler, Gabrielle

, 91

Kellerhals, Carrard

, 37, 38, 110

Kenya, Kenyans

, 100–101, 104

Kerrigan, Nancy

, 94

Kerstholt, Niels

, 67

Korea, Koreans

, 127, 142, 143

Kotylak, Nathan

, 151

Krejza, Michal

, 65

Lack of independence, CAS

, 33, 40, 53, 61, 160

Lausanne

, 22, 25, 35, 37

Law firms

, 35, 36, 39, 55

Leadership diversity

, 27

Legal aid

, 47, 48, 160

Legalization of doping

, 80–81

Legal nationality

, 15

Legal scholars

, 3, 6, 7, 18, 23, 67, 84, 85, 104

Legkov, Alexander

, 108

Leonard, John

, 73

‘Level playing field’

, 9, 114–116, 125, 160

Lex sportiva

, 42, 44, 161

Liberal politics

, 24, 132

Life bans

, 94–98, 108, 110

Lindgren, Kevin

, 21, 22, 35

Litigation

, 8, 18, 21–23, 41, 44, 90

Ljunqvist, Arne

, 120, 124

Lochte, Ryan

, 73

Logan, Doug

, 80, 81

London 2012 Summer Olympic Games

, 73, 97, 98, 122, 149, 152

Longitudinal profiling

, 105–106

Los Angeles 1984 Summer Olympic Games

, 50

Majcen, Igor

, 59

Mandatory arbitration. See Forced Arbitration

Mangan, Mark

, 5, 42, 52, 60

Marijuana

, 93, 146–147

Masculinity, masculinities

, 72

Matuzalem decision

, 63–64

Mavromati, Despina

, 53, 62, 106

Mazanov, Jason

, 72, 116

M’Baye, Keba

, 28, 34

McArdle, David

, 6, 22, 45–46, 59, 106, 160

McLaren, Richard

, 5, 13, 15, 17, 29–34, 43, 44, 55, 56, 84, 97, 107–112, 125, 146, 147

Meca-Medina decision

, 59, 64, 65

Media, mass

, 4–7, 8, 21, 30, 37, 41, 43, 47, 72, 73, 75, 94–96, 101, 103, 108, 111, 116, 117, 121, 124, 133, 137, 143, 144, 148, 150, 154–157, 159, 163

conspiracy theories of testosterone

, 141–144

Medicine, medical

, 2, 6, 8, 79–81, 119–126, 130, 133, 136, 138

Meldonium

, 102

Men, racialized

, 115, 138–141

Menkel-Meadow, Carrie

, 19–20

Menstruation, menstrual

, 123

disorders

, 119

Merritt, LaShawn

, 98

#MeToo campaign

, 26

Mexico, Mexicans

, 96, 97

Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympic Games

, 96

Mildronate

, 102

Millar, David

, 97

Miller, Mike

, 83

Misogyny

, 5

Moller, Verner

, 75

Mondaq Law

, 87

Montgomery, Jon

, 157

Moral, morality

, 17, 41, 51, 127, 151

authority

, 50

clauses

, 144

crusade

, 75, 116

deficits

, 77

exemplars

, 152, 156

high ground

, 77

panic

, 77

suspect

, 77

turpitude

, 93

Moscow Antidoping Laboratory

, 107–108

Mouncey, Hannah

, 134

Muller, Aurelie

, 145

Multinational, multinationals

, 3, 14, 120

Muscular atrophy

, 134

Muscles, muscular

, 80, 119, 121, 124

Myths, mythology

, 94, 143, 162

Nader, Laura

, 18

Nafziger, James

, 44

National Anti-Doping Organizations, Institute of, (NADO)

, 37, 99, 100

National courts

, 29, 45, 62, 106, 161

National Football League (NFL)

, 17

Nationality

, 53, 71

clauses

, 58

legal

, 15

sporting

, 15

National Olympic Committees (NOCs)

, 13, 14, 26, 28, 34, 49, 53, 54, 55, 56, 144, 149

National sports organizations (NSOs)

, 13, 23

Negligence

, 89, 93, 101

Netzle, Stefan

, 5

Neutral athletes

, 99, 112, 114

New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards

, 21, 28

New Zealand, New Zealanders

, 94, 133

Nice Declaration

, 58–59

Nike

, 103

No fault (NF)

, 89

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

, 49

Norway, Norwegian

, 103

No significant fault (NSF)

, 89, 102, 104

Nude parades

, 116

‘Objective science’

, 130, 135, 136–138

Olympic Athlete from Russia (OAR)

, 99

Implementation Group

, 99, 113

Olympic brand

, 68, 99, 144

Olympic Charter

, 15, 24, 58, 68, 83, 152

Fundamental Principle

, 2, 26

Fundamental Principle

, 5, 66

Fundamental Principle

, 6, 50

Olympic family

, 22, 36, 42, 44

Olympic host cities

, 16, 20, 24, 47, 50, 68

Olympic ideals

, 15, 78

Olympic industry

, 6, 8, 13, 35, 40, 49–51, 66, 68, 71, 79, 83, 98, 99, 114, 130, 143, 144, 159–162

Olympic medals

, 77, 79, 147, 153

Olympic movement

, 15, 24, 55, 66, 90, 98, 135

Ontario Court of Appeal

, 1

Ontario Cycling Association (OCA)

, 135

Ontario Hockey Association (OHA)

, 1

Ontario Human Rights Code

, 1981, 1, 14

Ontario Human Rights Commission

, 1

Ontario Women’s Hockey Association

, 1

Ordre propre (due process)

, 48, 65

Oschutz, Frank

, 45, 84, 85, 89

Oswald, Denis

, 39, 49, 51, 107, 110–113

Oswald Commission

, 107, 110–112

Para-swimming

, 26

Paulsson, Jan

, 5

Pechstein, Claudia

, 48, 49, 105–107, 160

Penalties, sanctions

, 17, 59, 61, 65, 67, 74, 75, 84, 86, 89–98, 100–102, 104, 108, 110, 113, 116, 145, 146, 149, 151

Performance enhancement

, 78, 93, 147, 161

Performance-enhancing drugs

, 79, 80, 161

Pielke, Roger

, 100, 104

Pilger, John

, 152

Pistorius, Oscar

, 45

Plea bargain

, 91

Politicians

, 72, 132

Politics, political

, 14–17, 25, 28, 49, 60, 66, 153

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

, 119, 138

Poncet, Charles

, 62

Pound, Richard

, 40, 49, 74, 113, 157

Powell, Asafa

, 101

Precedent, stare decisis principle

, 14, 20, 42, 44–46, 93, 102, 105, 112

Prejudice

, 135, 157

Prescription drugs

, 72

Presumption of guilt

, 84, 105, 112, 157

Priestley, Callum

, 96, 97

Prior probability, in science research

, 138

Privacy

, 21, 41–43, 64, 81, 83, 92, 121

Private International Law Act (PILA)

, 24, 29, 63

Pro bono counsel

, 47

Professional sport/athletes

, 3, 17, 30, 59, 86, 104, 120, 152, 155, 159

Propaganda

, 163

Protests

, 16, 17

Psychology, Psychologists

, 2, 125, 137

Public health

, 162

Public intellectuals

, 2

Putin, Vladimir

, 73

Pyatykh, Anna

, 108–110

PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games

, 8, 99, 110, 113, 114

Racialized men

, 115, 138–141

Racism and colonialism

, 2, 3–6, 8, 17, 71, 95, 115, 124, 142–144, 151–157

See also Ethnicities

Radcliffe, Paula

, 125

Radical politics

, 161

Raducan, Andrea

, 147

Random testing

, 75, 82, 86, 163

Rebagliati, Ross

, 93, 146–147

Recreational drugs

, 81

Reeb, Mathieu

, 39, 48

Reform

, 18, 31–35, 39, 40, 65, 111, 114, 160–162

Regional Court of Munich

, 106

Regulations Governing Eligibility of Females with Hyperandrogenism to Compete in Women’s Competition

, 121

Reilly, Louise

, 5, 47, 62

Reliability, of tests

, 106, 138, 139, 141, 163

Remorse

, 48, 94, 103, 152, 154

Repeat parties to arbitrations

, 35–40

Res judicata

, 63

Review of Criminalisation of Doping in Sport

, 86–87

RFEC (Spanish cycling federation)

, 38

Rhythmic gymnastics

, 146

Rice, Ray

, 103

Right to Play

, 25, 27

Right to silence

, 87

Rigozzi, Antonio

, 5, 29–30, 35–36, 47, 48, 52, 56–57, 62, 91–93, 104, 160

Rio 2016 Summer Olympic Games

, 20, 52, 125, 134, 145, 151

Ritchie, Ian

, 78, 79

Ritzen, Martin

, 124, 129, 130

Robertson, Hugh

, 98

Roche, Danni

, 53

Rodchenkov, Grigory

, 107

Role models

, 4, 143, 145, 151–158

Role-switching

, 90

Romania, Romanians

, 146, 147

Rooney, Wayne

, 156

Rule 40.8 (IAAF)

, 101

Rule 44 (Olympic Charter)

, 28

Rule 45 (Olympic Charter)

, 56, 97, 98

Rule 61 (Olympic Charter)

, 28, 29

Rule 64.5 (Olympic Charter)

, 48–49

Rule 74 (Olympic Charter)

, 29

Russia, Russians

, 58

Russian Anti-Doping Agency (RUSADA)

, 100

Russian Athletic Federation (RUSAF)

, 108–110

Russian doping controversy

, 107–113

Russian Olympic Committee (ROC)

, 110, 112

Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympic Games

, 16

Samaranch, Juan Antonio

, 30, 31, 33

Sanctions, penalties

, 17, 59, 61, 65, 67, 74, 75, 84, 86, 89–98, 100–102, 104, 108, 110, 113, 116, 145, 146, 149, 151

Schultz, Jaime

, 116, 121, 122

Schwaar, Gilbert

, 33

Schwab, Brendan

, 88

Science, scientific

, 71, 78, 125, 126, 131, 142, 163

Second chance, re doping

, 94–98

Self-regulation, of sport

, 3, 24, 44–45, 55, 88

Semenya, Caster

, 121, 130

Separation of powers

, 99–100

Sex, sexualities

, 2, 4, 74, 82, 122, 126, 132, 136, 159

Sex differences, gender differences

, 19, 72, 117, 121, 129, 136–137, 157

Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (UK)

, 14

Sex testing

, 116, 117

Sexism

, 159

Sexual harassment, sexual abuse

, 20, 24, 26

Sharapova, Maria

, 4, 100–104

Shiwen, Ye

, 73–74

Significant fault

, 102

Simpson, Sherone

, 100, 101

Skating, skaters. See Figure skating, figure skaters

Ski jump, ski jumpers

, 50

Smith, Tricia

, 49

Soccer. See Football (soccer)

Sochi 2014 Winter Olympic Games

, 16, 111, 125

Social class

, 19

Socialization

, 146

Social justice

, 2, 68, 121, 160

Social media

, 4, 113, 151, 155

Sociology, sociologists

, 2, 3

Sonksen, Peter

, 120, 123–125, 129–130

Sotherton, Kelly

, 77

South Africa, South Africans

, 95, 96, 121

South Asia, South Asians

, 124

Soviet Bloc

, 58

Spectators, fans

, 86

‘Spirit of sport’

, 45, 78, 93

Sponsors, sponsorships

, 14, 71, 72, 95, 103, 152, 158

Sport Canada

, 132

Sport Governance Observer (SGO) survey

, 2013, 25, 27, 66

Sporting nationality

, 15

Sport

administrators

, 53, 133, 155, 159

autonomy

, 58–64

as big business

, 3

exceptionalism

, 41–68, 76, 85, 162–163

leaders, leadership

, 26, 27, 54, 60, 72, 87, 88, 98, 134

and politics

, 14–17

as social good

, 3, 16, 17

specificity

, 58–64

Sports governing bodies (SGBs)

, 25–27, 29, 31, 34–40, 42, 54, 56, 58, 66, 99, 155

Sports law

, 2–3, 13–40

development of

, 44–46

global impacts of

, 4–6

Stacked decks problem

, 8, 40, 75, 109, 157

Stanley Cup

, 151

Stare decisis principle, precedent

, 14, 20, 42, 44–46, 93, 102, 105, 112–113

State-sponsored doping

, 6, 15, 107, 108, 111, 114

Stereotype, stereotypical

, 117, 129

Steroids

, 81, 85, 108, 118, 138

Stockholm Consensus

, 130

Stokes, Ben

, 156

Straubel, Michael

, 45, 84, 89, 90

Strict liability

, 84–91, 147, 161

Suárez, Luis

, 154

Supreme Court of Canada

, 1

Surgery, surgical

, 122, 131, 133, 134

Surveillance

, 81–83, 114

Sweden, Swedish

, 119, 120, 138, 140, 143

Swimming, swimmers

, 26, 39, 59, 73, 80, 83, 95, 119, 144–145, 147, 149, 151, 154

Swimming Australia

, 149

Switzerland, Swiss

, 24–25, 28–29, 35–37, 39, 43, 48, 49, 53, 62, 63, 92, 99, 107, 110, 134, 135, 139

Swiss Federal Constitution

, 63

Swiss Federal Tribunal (SFT)

, 6–7, 28–33, 43, 48, 57, 65, 91, 112, 167

Swiss Private International Law Act

, 24, 29

Sydney 2000 Summer Olympic Games

, 16, 35, 152, 154

Symbols, symbolic

, 30, 72, 77, 153

Tallberg, Peter

, 43–44

TAS/CAS, See Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS)

Tatz, Colin

, 80

Teixeira, Ricardo

, 43

Television

, 96, 107

Tennis, tennis players

, 4, 29, 30, 100–104

Testosterone

, 117–118

advantage

, 9, 125, 128, 130, 137, 161

media conspiracy theories

, 141–144

Testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) test

, 81, 118, 138–141

Therapeutic use exemption (TUE)

, 134–136, 161

Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympic Games

, 144

Toronto, Canada

, 1, 36, 44

Tour de France

, 38

Track and field athletes

, 36, 80, 95–98, 101, 123, 126, 128, 153

Tradition, traditional

, 3, 18, 34, 76, 93, 126, 157

Training

, 53, 80–81, 96, 119, 134, 142

Transgender athletes

, 116, 120, 131, 133–136

Transition, gender

, 116, 133

Transgender policies

, 130–133

Transparency

, 27, 42, 52, 113, 159–161

Tretiakov, Aleksandr

, 112

Tuitert, Mark

, 67

Twitter

, 83

UBT2B17 genotype

, 139, 143

Ukraine, Ukrainians

, 77, 102, 154

UNESCO

2005 Anti-doping Convention

, 27, 85

Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI)

, 38, 135, 136

Union of European Football Association (UEFA)

, 59, 65

United Kingdom (UK)

, 53, 54, 96–97, 126–127, 156

Department for Digital, Culture, Media, and Sports

, 86

Sex Discrimination Act

, 1975, 14

United Kingdom Anti-Doping Agency (UKAD)

, 96

United Nations (UN)

, 14, 24

International Year of Sport and the Olympic Ideal

, 33

‘Sport in Development’ partnerships

, 15

United States (US)

, 54

Figure Skating Union

, 94

Postal Service

, 95

United States Olympic Committee (USOC)

, 166

Universal Declaration of Player Rights 2017 (WPA)

, 17

Urine samples

, 116, 118, 140

Values

, 16, 19, 24, 42–44, 65, 67, 77–79, 105, 106, 128, 141, 153, 159

Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games

, 16, 50, 156

Vancouver Organizing Committee (VANOC)

, 50, 51

Vancouver Stanley Cup riot

, 151

Vick, Michael

, 103

Victoria Equal Opportunity Act

, 2010

Section

, 72, 132

Violence

, 103, 116, 153

Viret, Marjolaine

, 5, 93, 104

Volkers, Scott

, 95

Volleyball

, 65

WADA Code

, 23, 74–76, 78, 79, 82, 85, 91–93, 97, 98, 101, 105, 112

Article 10.6

, 91

Wagg, Stephen

, 14

War on doping

, 71–114, 161

anti-doping agencies, governance problems of

, 98–100

anti-doping discourse

, 76–79

detection and surveillance

, 81–83

doping decisions against women, inconsistencies in

, 100–105

global anti-doping efforts

, 74–75

legalization of doping

, 80–81

nationalism

, 72–74

Pechstein case

, 48, 49, 105–107, 160

Russian doping controversy

, 107–113

second chances or life bans

, 94–98

strict liability and criminalization of doping

, 84–91

WADA Code

, 91–93

See also Anti-doping; Doping

Water polo

, 151–152

Water Polo Canada

, 151–152

Washout testing

, 107, 108–109

Weightlifting Australia

, 133

Weinstein, Harvey

, 26

Wendt, John

, 5, 55

Wenzel, Ross

, 110

Whistleblower, whistleblowers

, 26, 107

Whitmore, Michael

, 153

Wickenheiser, Hayley

, 157

Wisnosky, Emily

, 5, 93, 104

Wolf, Klaus

, 23, 85, 88–89

Woods, Tiger

, 103

World Anti-doping Agency (WADA)

, 6, 8, 15, 23, 35, 37, 38, 43, 46, 49, 56, 61, 72, 74–75, 81–86, 96–99, 101–102, 106, 107, 111–112, 114, 118, 120, 130, 133–136, 139–141, 143, 146, 157, 160, 162

anti-doping discourse

, 76–79

Athlete Biological Passport (ABP)

, 105, 127–128, 140, 141

Executive Committee

, 27

Whereabouts regulation

, 75, 83, 86, 102, 157

World Chess Federation

, 39

World Players’ Association (WPA)

, 88

Universal Declaration of Player Rights

, 2017, 17

Worley, Kristen

, 133–136

Yongewaard, Chris

, 150, 151

Zhinden, Nicolas

, 110

Zubkov, Mikhaylo

, 154, 155

Zurich Commercial Court

, 63