Index
Dr Mengwei Tu
(Department of Sociology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China)
ISBN: 978-1-78714-673-0, eISBN: 978-1-78714-672-3
Publication date: 18 July 2018
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
Tu, M. (2018), "Index", Education, Migration and Family Relations between China and the UK: The Transnational One-Child Generation, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 187-202. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78714-672-320181010
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
9-year compulsory education law
, 67
Accepting Population Control (Milwertz)
, 33
Agrarian bases
, 27–28
Ancestor worship, importance
, 137
Anti-revolutionary classes
, 24–25
Aspiration
impact
, 107
transfer
, 121
Astronaut family
, 8, 109
Asymmetrical intergenerational transfer, understanding
, 115–126
Authoritarian elements, hybrid
, 59
Authoritarian parenting, concept (usage)
, 56
Baby boomer generation
, 31
nuclear family composition
, 12
Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, The (Chua)
, 56
Baumrind, Diana
, 56
Becker, Gary (economic model)
, 119–120
Bedridden/semi-bedridden elderly people, presence
, 142
Beijing
cohort
, 93
family return, contemplation (example)
, 5
Kajanus fieldwork, value
, 13
low-income young couples, presence
, 112
women survey
, 34–35
Belonging, impact
, 153–155
Big-family culture, replacement
, 1
Birth/death rate
, 32f
Bodycott, Peter
, 100
Brain gain/drain
, 81
British higher education, Chinese education financial contribution
, 108
British migration policy
, 143
British society, assimilation
, 10
Cameron, David
, 6
Capitalist values, West (association)
, 76
Capital world system, analysis (Wallerstein)
, 27
Career
advancement, struggle
, 39–40
aspirations
, 90
development
, 89–95
expectations, Western degree devaluation (impact)
, 92–95
importance
, 63
success, self-aspiration
, 39
Care-providers, gender role
, 131
Caring
role, emotional commitment
, 43
three-generation caring situation, example
, 131t
Carling, J⊘rgen
, 109
Childcare
arrangement
, 132
findings
, 133
impact
, 107
pressure, reduction
, 38–39
providers, challenges
, 134–136
struggle
, 39–40
Childhood, egalitarian parenting experience
, 100
Children
cultivation
, 37
dependency, increase
, 144
education
parents, investment (willingness)
, 98–99
success, pursuit
, 2
equal opportunity, emphasis
, 96–97
extra-curricular activities
, 37–38
influence/intervention
, 58
life stages
, 85
material life, betterment
, 113
model child, example
, 57–58
parental career expectation
, 63
parental support
, 98
parent-child practice
, 60
parents aspiration
, 122
post-reform child rearing, relevance
, 61
property purchasing, parental help
, 112
receiving
, 108–111
response
, 120–125
rural children, urban children (difference)
, 54
siblings, presence/impact
, 53–54
spoiling, likelihood (survey)
, 53
study abroad, encouragement
, 101
treatment, comparison (absence)
, 66
unlimited responsibility
, 152–153
Child-to-parent transfer, money (symbolism/implications)
, 125–126
China
9-year compulsory education law
, 67
bedridden/semi-bedridden elderly people, presence
, 142
community, reference
, 14
economic change
, 27
exiting
, 75–81
families
contract
, 138–140
examination
, 160
values, re-examination
, 159–160
female university enrolment rate
, 62
generational leap
, 23
long-term home-making
, 137
marketization, opportunities
, 30–31
medical insurance, benefit
, 143
migrants, life experience
, 91
migration
, 76
point
, 90t
modernization
, 23
parents, return
, 135
respondents, income level
, 110t
returnees
, 76
return, favour
, 145
school attendance history
, 68t
small business, initiation
, 113
state school system
, 68t
state, transnational ties
, 164
survival, absence
, 143
transformation
, 30
UK, distance (impact)
, 150
upbringing, characteristics
, 55–62
Western degree, devaluation
, 92–95
work experience
, 90t
work permits, granting
, 79
China, families
expectations/parental investment/sacrifice
, 48
parental control, understanding
, 56
sons, preference
, 62
China, middle class
emergence
, 26–28
heterogeneity
, 28
membership, Times estimation
, 28
“China’s little emperors” (Guardian, The),
, 50
Chinese Overseas, heterogeneous phenomenon
, 162
Chinese Singaporeans, economic growth
, 36
Chinese style/authoritarian child-rearing process
, 56–57
Chua, Amy
, 56
Class solidification
, 48
Cognitive achievement
, 55
Coleman, James
, 9
Communist-style welfare system, destabliization
, 31
Competition, stimulation
, 51
Compulsory one-child limit, impact
, 3
Confucian cultural roles
, 100
Confucius
family reproduction basis
, 31–32
teaching basis
, 12
Consumer goods, diversity (absence)
, 24
Continuing care provision
, 129–133
Contractual terms, investment role
, 121
Co-residence, importance
, 44
Core world (First World)
, 27
Cosmopolitan project
, 93
Cross-border education, changes
, 2
Cultural Revolution
experience
, 16
higher education, pursuit (cessation)
, 63–64
initiation
, 25
Culture logic
, 139
Danwei (work units, urban resident participation)
, 25
Daughter
de-feminisation
, 65
success, maternal determination
, 39
Decision changes, levels
, 103–104
Decision-making process (UK)
, 73
external factors
, 85–88
points
, 99
sibling input
, 97–98
Delayed migration
, 7, 164
Democratic parenting
, 60
Distance, enchantment
, 149–150
Domestic chores, assistance
, 134
Domestic migrant life, continuation
, 163–164
Economic conditions, improvement
, 35
Economic development
initiation
, 26–27
relationship
, 142
Education
, 47
9-year compulsory education law
, 67
alternatives
, 67–72
ladder, push
, 48
opportunities
, 73
practical/economic value
, 98–99
resources, change
, 70
Educational resources, competition
, 2
Education-motivated migration
, 6
pattern
, 8
Egalitarian income distribution, emphasis
, 25
Egalitarian parenting experience
, 100
Elderly, support (practice)
, 42
Emotional support, empty nest middle-class parental demand
, 150–151
Employment
advantage
, 93
importance
, 37–38
women, withdrawal
, 38
Empty nest middle-class parents, emotional support (demand)
, 150–151
Empty nest parents, loneliness
, 144
Entitlement
awareness
, 123
rate, high level
, 124–125
sense
, 120–125, 128
Entrepreneurship, commonness
, 33–34
Europe
Chinese students, research
, 113
middle class, emergence
, 27–28
Extended families, financial support
, 48
Factory, privatization
, 29
Familial financial resources, importance
, 72
Family
contract
concept
, 139
parental ambivalence
, 147–149
corporation development (maximization)
, 119
economic deprivation
, 66
extended families, financial support
, 48
family-friendly welfare, reduction
, 37–38
financial dynamic, complexity
, 115
hierarchy, dilemma
, 60–61
inheritance/financial transfer, study
, 119
leader, sense
, 65
life-cycle
, 157
members, socialization
, 139
relations, modern elements (promotion)
, 148
reproduction, Confucian basis
, 31–32
starting, example
, 5
two-children families, gender inequality
, 66
urban families, incomes (increase)
, 48
wealth, entitlement, one-child migrant perspective
, 124–125
Father
authoritarian figure
, 118
domestic role
, 39
Females
conception choices
, 35
territory
, 65
Filial child, being (implication)
, 140
Filial piety
, 147
absence
, 141
assumption, mistake
, 41–42
discharge
, 154
distance
, 149–153
gendered filial piety expectation
, 44
intimacy
, 149–153
norm/practice
, 42
perception, change
, 149–153
reinforcement, state intervention
, 140–142
requirement
, 41
Financial contribution, provision
, 41
Financial flow
, 109
Financially independent children, parental support
, 116–120
Financial privilege, awareness
, 123
Financial safety net, role
, 110–111
Financial support
, 98–99
provision
, 42
term, usage
, 109
Financial transfer
idea, encouragement
, 122–123
study
, 119
First World
, 27, 113
affluence/security, participation
, 121
living standards/educational opportunities
, 48
one-child policy children
, 47
Flying grandma, phenomenon
, 133
Fong, Vanessa
, 13, 48, 102, 113, 160–161
Foreign identity, attraction
, 13
Freedom, determination (problem)
, 36
Free water, compromises
, 23
Frugality, supporter (example)
, 23
Fujian Province, illegal migrants
, 160
Full-time employment
motherhood, clash
, 39
student transfer, difficulty
, 7
Game of money return
, 113
Game of power
, 116
Gender
, 47
difference, perception
, 65
divisions
, 62–66
absence
, 130–131
equality, claim
, 65
gender-related personalities, hierarchy (notion)
, 65
inequality
awareness
, 66
existence
, 123
macro-level (society level) gender equality
, 64
micro-level family dynamic, time/space understanding
, 64
stereotype differences
, 64–65
value shift
, 66
Gender-equality propaganda
, 36–37
Generation profile, problem
, 50
Global citizen, flexibility
, 155
Global-financial environment, advantage
, 129
Globalization, traditional Chinese family values (re-examination)
, 159–160
Golden rule (only tell good news)
, 151–152
Göransson, Kristina
, 36, 47
Graduate returnees, job-search process (difficulty)
, 77
Graham, Hilary
, 140
Grandchildren
average age
, 130
care
, 133
China return
, 131–132
Grandmothers, environmental adaptation
, 134
Grandparents
challenges
, 135–136
childcare providers, challenges
, 134–136
gender division, absence
, 130–131
Gratitude, symbol
, 126
Great Famine (1959-1961)
, 31–32
Great Leap Forward
, 37
Greenhalgh, Susan
, 32
Gross domestic product, gross savings rate (percentage)
, 30f
Guan (discipline)
absence
, 56
discharge
, 154
notion
, 59
Guilt/indebtedness, co-existence
, 147
Gungwu, Wang
, 7, 9, 73, 164
Higher education
expansion
, 67
pursuit, cessation
, 63–64
High school, enrolment process (flexibility)
, 69–70
High-skill migrants
, 5
Home Office, indefinite leave to remain (ILR)
, 79–80
Homogeneous middle-class identity/culture
, 28
Hong Kong, Chinese family citizenship (change)
, 8
Hong, Lawrence
, 37
Host country
migration policy
, 81
property ladder, upward mobility
, 112
Household Responsibility System
, 25
Households
classification
, 24–25
red/black categories
, 24–25
registration system (Hujou),
, 25
House purchasing, assistance
, 114–115
Housework load, comparison
, 62
Hukou (household registration system)
, 25
Hunan Province, “Women hold up half the sky,”
, 36–37
Income
level
, 117t
resources, diversity (absence)
, 24
Indefinite leave to remain (ILR)
, 79–80
Indian students, money-sending behaviour
, 122
Information resources, rational/non-rational interpretations
, 102
Inheritance process
, 118
study
, 119
Inland regions, migrant-sending places
, 16–17
Inner Mongolia, father interview (example)
, 16
Institutional factors
, 86
impact, analysis
, 88
importance
, 86–87
relative stability
, 87
Institutional transitions
, 29
Intergenerational changes, complexity (demonstration)
, 164–165
Intergenerational conflict
, 103
Intergenerational contract, change
, 55
Intergenerational dilemma, understanding
, 154
Intergenerational financial transfer
, 121
Intergenerational negotiation, multi-level changes
, 103
International communication, child availability
, 152
International Communication Technology (ITC), development
, 150–151
International degree, recognition
, 76–77
International education infrastructure, expansion
, 48
International migrant, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs definition
, 6–7
International students
delayed migration
, 7
increase
, 76
mobility, increase
, 81
mobility/personal aspirations, change
, 81–88
Internet, usage
, 14
Intimacy, dynamic
, 152
Intra-EU migration
, 6
Invisible, term (usage)
, 13
Iron rice bowl
, 25
punishments
, 33
James, Niky
, 140
Jealousy, stimulation
, 51
Jia li de qian (money from home)
, 124
Job level
, 117t
Job security (work units), challenge
, 28–29
Just One Child (Greenhalgh)
, 32
Kajanus, Anni
fieldwork, value
, 13
research
, 113
Key schools
city concentration
, 69
corruption
, 69
term, usage
, 67–68
Key school system
inequality
, 69
introduction
, 67–68
Kirogi (wild geese) families
, 109
Kuhn, Philip
, 107
“Labour force not to be ignored, A” (People’s Daily),
, 36–37
Lai, Ada
, 100
Landless peasants
, 24–25
Landowners
, 24–25
Later-longer-fewer policy
, 32
Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly, The,
, 141
Legal ownership rights, maintenance
, 116
Lie, Mabel
, 133
Life mobility trajectory
, 83f
Life stages
, 89–92
Lifestyle
aspirations
, 90
choices
, 89–95
intra-personal negotiation
, 95
Little emperors
myth
, 49–55
belief, reason
, 55
selfish feature
, 55
term, usage
, 23
Little Emperors of China (movie),
, 3
Little empresses, term (usage)
, 23
Liu, Fengshu
, 13
Living standards, increase
, 73
London, Chinese population/concentration
, 16–19
Long-distance communication, implication (parental perception)
, 152
Long distance intimacy
delicacy
, 152
maintenance
, 151
practice
, 144
Long-term care
institutions, standards/policies
, 141
sector, staff shortages
, 142
Long-term migration planning, institutional factors (stability)
, 87
Long-term residency, success
, 80
Lost generation, description
, 26
Lower-middle-income families, example
, 161
Low-income farmers, money borrowing (example)
, 127
Low-skill migrants
, 5
Macro-level contexts, life mobility trajectory
, 83f
Macro-level culture, influence
, 142
Macro-level factors
boundaries, framework (structure)
, 84–86
response
, 103
Macro-level (society level) gender equality
, 64
Macro-level ideological changes
, 159
Mao.
, See Zedong
Media intervention, disbelief
, 50
Medium-income urban family, experience (example)
, 127
Micro-level contexts, life mobility
, 83f
Micro-level factors
boundaries, framework (structure)
, 84–85
response
, 103
Micro-level family dynamic
changes
, 159
time/space understanding
, 11–12
Micro-level (parental level) gender equality
, 64
Middle class
aspirations
, 27
backgrounds, parental support
, 115
Chinese Singaporeans, economic growth
, 36
development
, 28
emergence (Europe)
, 27–28
impact
, 31
membership, expansion
, 28
migrants, diasporic associations (absence)
, 13
term, usage (excess)
, 27
Middle-income-families, examples
, 161
Middle range migrants
, 160–162
Middle-school education, coverage (increase)
, 67
Migranthood
, 7–9
continuation
, 162–165
term, usage
, 164
Migrant-in-transition, flexibility/fluidity
, 9
Migrants
aspiration
, 89–92
categorization, compromises
, 7
decision-making, parental involvement
, 96
decision-making process
parents, life-cycle (impact)
, 158
domestic life, continuation
, 163–164
individual pathway
, 103
inner struggle
, 154
life experiences
, 91
lives, division
, 11
mobility trajectory, institutional factors/situational dynamics (impact)
, 88
perception
, 5
professional-level jobs
, 107–108
stay, extension
, 94
term, usage
, 81–82
upbringing, examples
, 74–75
Migration
cap, announcement
, 6
concept, emphases
, 6
decision
factors, relationships (complexity)
, 82
reality
, 94–95
decision-making process
, 91, 157
institutional factors, impact
, 86
longitudinal feature, attention
, 11–12
parental involvement, diversity
, 95–102
decision-making role
, 145
defining
, 6–9
delayed migration
, 7, 164
field studies, laws (generalization)
, 5–6
flow (sustaining), institutional factors (importance)
, 86–87
future
, 153–155
laws, generation (Ravenstein)
, 5
one-child generation, relationship
, 4–6
pathway, basis
, 158
plan extension
, 94
point
, 90t
policy
, 82
timeline
, 103–104
timing
, 8
trajectory, time (understanding)
, 84–85
Migration-motivated study abroad
, 8
Milwertz, Cecilia
, 33, 37
Mobility trajectory (UK)
, 73
institutional factors/situational dynamics, impact
, 88
Mobilization, history
, 27–28
Model child, example
, 57–58
Modernization
relationship
, 142
traditional Chinese family values, re-examination
, 159–160
Modern parents, presentation
, 61–62
Money
impact
, 107
parent-to-child intergenerational flow
, 115–116
return, game
, 113
symbolism, implications
, 125–126
Money from home
, 124
Mother
compromise
, 40
full-time employment/motherhood, clash
, 39
Multigeneration families, household residence
, 44
National borders, physical boundary
, 3–4
Nation-state, notions
, 155
Net migration, student inclusion (debate)
, 7
New family contract, parental ambivalence
, 147–149
Non-authoritarian elements, hybrid
, 59
Non-Chinese grandparents, childcare time
, 130
Non-EU students, application
, 82
Non-familial care assistance, demand
, 142
Non-one-child family
care, dynamics
, 129
income/gift-buying, relationship
, 53
Non-one-child migrant
perception, comparison
, 126–129
semi-rural experience
, 33–34
Non-one-child participants, parent initiative
, 96
Non-one-child respondents, siblings (relationship)
, 127t
Norms/policies (changes), middle-class parent response
, 61
Nuclear family, composition
, 12
Off-spring, middle-class parents (nondependence)
, 62
Older generation
continuing care provision
, 129–133
modernization/caring
, 41–45
One-child family
, 11–12
childcare pressure, reduction
, 38–39
expectations/competition
, 48
income/gift-buying, relationship
, 53
space/time intergenerational relations
, 12f
transnational dynamic field
, 107
One-child generation
adulthood/parenthood, profile (diversity)
, 3–4
defining
, 3
generational leap
, 24
migration, relationship
, 4–6
nuclear family composition
, 12
participants, interviews
, 29
qualitative research
, 18
students, increase
, 2–3
One-child identity, emotional contrasts
, 54–55
One-child migrants
child-centred support flow
, 146
parents, age
, 146
population, representation
, 17–18
property ownership
, 111t
respondents, parental financial
, 112
solution
, 159–160
study
, 12–16
One-child-only policy, challenge
, 34
One-child participants, upbringing (examples)
, 57–63
One-child policy
benefits
, 37
breach
, 33–34
build-up
, 32
gender value shift
, 66
implementation
, 1, 31–34, 49, 64–65
rationale
, 35
socioeconomic development
, 34–36
One-child transnational families, feature
, 109
Only-child friends, selfishness/demands (myth)
, 50
Only-children
loneliness
, 51
presence
, 144
self-accusation, contrast
, 52
spoiled perception, support
, 52
spoiled selfish individuals, identification
, 54
Only tell good news, golden rule
, 151–152
Open parents, presentation
, 61–62
Outside/insider qualitative research, contrast
, 13
Overseas Chinese heterogeneity
, 160–162
Overseas degree, advantage
, 77
Overseas education, parental investment
, 4
Overseas experience, emphasis
, 93
Overseas language school, low entry requirements
, 8
Overseas medical insurance, absence
, 143
Parental care responsibility, secondariness
, 146
Parental factors
, 82
Parental financial role, taken-for-grantedness
, 99
Parental financial self-sufficiency, awareness
, 129
Parental financial support, continuation
, 109
Parental involvement
, 111–115
changes
, 102–105
diversity
, 95–102
Parental support
beneficiary
, 121
reason
, 116–120
types
, 115–116
Parenting
authoritarian parenting, concept
, 56
democratic parenting
, 60
interactive style
, 58
method, research
, 56–57
process, evolution
, 58
relaxed parental attitude
, 59
results-driven authoritarian parenting style, effectiveness
, 60
style, difference
, 96
traditional Chinese parenting
, 59
Westernized parenting
, 59
Parenting, perception
, 52
Parents
affluence
, 121
aspiration
, 122
authoritarian elements, benefits/limitations
, 61–62
care, compromise
, 44
career expectations
, 63
children, joining (difficulty)
, 144
democratic approach
, 61
democratic practice, performing
, 60
egalitarian elements, benefits/limitations
, 61–62
empty nest parents, loneliness
, 144
financial expectations
, 124
financial support
, 118
generation
emotional dynamic, example
, 42–43
opportunities/competition/wealth
, 28–31
policy acceptance
, 35
giving
, 108–111
influence
, 105
interaction, pressure
, 102–103
interviews
, 29
job/income level
, 117t
long-distance communication
, 152
money, giving
, 128–129
needs, children expectation
, 41
open/modern parents, presentation
, 61–62
parental involvement (UK)
, 73
parent-child relationship
, 60
parent-dominated decision-making process
, 100
parent-guided self-discipline
, 58
relaxed attitude
, 57–58
resource allocation, priority
, 120–121
settlement, dilemma
, 144
spoiled emperor narrative
, 52–53
two-children parents, passive role
, 97
unlimited responsibility
, 152–153
wealth transfer, willingness
, 116
work/childcare/parental care, dilemma
, 44
Parent-to-child intergenerational flow of money
, 115–116
Parreñas, Rhacel
, 150
Participants.
, See Study participants
Party-led campaigns, political performance
, 24–25
Passivity, levels
, 86
Patrilineal family culture, gendered role
, 40
Peer group pressure
, 148–149
Pension scheme
, 141
People’s Daily,
, 36–37
People’s Republic China, founding
, 31
Peripheral world (Third World)
, 27
Person-to-person recruitment, slowness
, 14
Planned economy (Zedong)
, 37
family-friendly welfare, reduction
, 37–38
Planned settlement, example
, 81–82
Political capital, conversion
, 28
Political performance
, 24–25
Political struggle, history
, 27–28
Population-control policies, implementation
, 2
Post-1978 Chinese families, research/media coverage
, 49
Post-1978 economic reform, middle class (impact)
, 31
Post-1978 social stratification
, 26–28, 36
Posthumous ritual, gendered role
, 137
Post-reform child rearing, relevance
, 61
Post-reform period
Chinese society, gender change (unevenness)
, 40
social stratification, growth
, 139–140
Post-student decisions, shaping
, 6
Post-student migrants, flexibility/unpredictability
, 7
Post-student work (PSW) visa, application
, 4
Poverty, impact
, 35–36
Power
game
, 116
strategy
, 116
Pre-1978 political ladder
, 28
Pre-1978 social stratification
, 24–26
Private business owners
, 26
Private schools, emergence
, 68
Private-sponsored students, percentage (increase)
, 71
Professional cohort, geographical dispersion
, 13
Pro-gender-equality propaganda
, 64–65
Promotion opportunities
, 39
Property ownership
, 111t
Property purchasing, occurrence
, 113–114
Public sector work, private sector work (transition)
, 29
Qingmin Festival (Tomb-sweeping Day)
, 137
Ravenstein, E.G.
, 5
Receiving countries, changes
, 75–81
Reciprocity, cultivation
, 55
Red/black categories.
, See Households
Refugee studies
, 6
Regret, feeling
, 43–44
Relaxed parental attitude
, 59
Resident Labour Market Test
, 79
Resource possession, social stratification (difference)
, 117
Results-driven authoritarian parenting style, effectiveness
, 60
Returnees
, 76
starting salary, comparison
, 77–78
Return population, number
, 75f
Right-wingers (intellectuals)
, 24–25
Rural children, urban children (difference)
, 54
Rural families, son preference
, 33
Rural non-only children, condition (improvement)
, 53
Rural residents, pension scheme
, 141
Russell Group universities
Chinese concentration
, 17
samples
, 161
Salt-soap-soya
, 9–10
Sandwich generation, class-related phenomenon
, 36
Schiller, Levitt/Glick
, 157
Self-discipline
, 58
Self-employment
, 26
Self-funded course, application (example)
, 124
Self-funded students, outflow (increase)
, 2
Self-help parenting magazines, reading
, 103
Selfish only-children, self-identification/shame
, 51
Semi-peripheral world
, 27
Sending countries, changes
, 75–81
Sent-down movement
, 25–26, 30
mother, participation
, 39
Sent-down youth, waves
, 26
Settlement plans
, 85
Shandong Province, only-children example
, 54
Shanghai
flats, example
, 162–163
only-child percentage
, 1
property, ownership (example)
, 124
return
, 163–164
Shengyang, women survey
, 34–35
Siblings
financial transfer
, 128
input
, 97–98
jealousy/competition, stimulation
, 51
lend-borrow feature, existence
, 128
non-one-child respondents, relationship
, 127t
physical proximity
, 143
presence/impact
, 53–54
Siblingship, role (importance)
, 51
Side-line private business, development
, 30
Singapore
Chinese families, success
, 47
Chinese Singaporeans, economic growth
, 36
sandwich generation
, 36
Situational dynamics
, 87
impact, analysis
, 88
Skeldon, Ronald
, 162
Skill-bearers, exploitation/categorization
, 5
Small-family culture, usage
, 1
Social change
Chinese families, experience
, 49
initiation
, 26–27
Social environment, advantage
, 129
Social network services (SNS), impact
, 14
Social status, study abroad (relationship)
, 92
Social stratification
, 69–70
growth
, 139–140
push
, 48
resource possession, difference
, 117
wealth generation/distribution, impact
, 2
Society
change, Chinese family contract
, 138–140
hierarchy, conception
, 69
Socioeconomic development, one-child policy
, 34–36
Socioeconomic factors, impact
, 54–55
Sojourner/settler, post-WWII shift
, 9
Son-preference phenomenon
, 137
Space
continuum
, 107
time, contrast
, 137
Spoiled emperor narratives, parents (impact)
, 52–53
Spouses, retirement
, 158
State-controlled enterprise, privatization
, 26–27
State-imposed/state-maintained economic policy
, 27–28
State policy
, 139
State school system
, 67–68, 68t
State socialism, context
, 40
Structural embeddedness
, 84
Students
increase
, 2–3
life objectives
, 84
loans, possibility
, 98
private-sponsored students, percentage (increase)
, 71
temporariness
, 7
Study abroad
children, motivation
, 103
decision
parental involvement
, 97t
planning
, 100
defining
, 6–9
influence
, 103
migration demographic
, 75–76
population, number
, 75f
security, sense
, 88
self-funded study abroad demographic, initiation
, 70–71
social status, relationship
, 92
timing
, 8
university-level students, study abroad restriction
, 71
Study participants
, 16–19
place of origin
, 17f
recruitment network
, 15f
residence, concentration
, 18f
studies, results
, 167–170
Subsidies, usage
, 128
Success
definitions, change
, 91–92
notions, change
, 89–95
Taiwan, Chinese family citizenship (change)
, 8
Teacher-training college, promotion
, 39
Three-generation caring situation, example
, 131t
Time, space (contrast)
, 137
Tomba, Guiqi
, 112
Tomb-sweeping Day
, 137
Traditional Chinese family values, re-examination
, 159–160
Traditional Chinese parenting
, 59
Traditional family contract, Confucius basis
, 12
Transnational Chinese migrants, one-child family expectations/competition
, 48
Transnational education (TNE) programme
, 86, 96
Transnational embeddedness, advantage/limitations
, 153
Transnational family
care-providers, gender role
, 131
corporation, difference
, 119
strategy
, 96
Transnational one-child family
, 11–12
difficulties
, 143–144
Transnational recruitment
, 14–15
Transnational setting, child/parent access (difficulty)
, 15–16
Trust, importance
, 16
Two-children families, gender inequality
, 66
Two-children parents, passive role
, 97
Two-children policy, proposal
, 34
Two-way care, expectation
, 146
Under-employment, problem
, 95
Unemployed urban residents, pension scheme
, 141
UNESCO, female graduation data
, 62
Unfairness, sense
, 128
United Kingdom (UK)
arrivals, one-child generation characteristic
, 11
aspirations, balance
, 159
attachment, limitation
, 88
career/family development, justification
, 147
children
material life, betterment
, 113
permanent settlement
, 138
settlement, ambivalence
, 153
China-born residents
, 10f
China, distance (impact)
, 150
Chinese diaspora
business openings/opportunities, changes
, 9–10
second generation, profile (change)
, 10
Chinese migration, increase
, 10
Chinese students, number
, 77f
decision-making process
, 73
education/migration
, 9–11
establishment levels
, 155
financially independent children, parental support
, 116–120
flights, payment
, 132–133
grandparents, arrival (decision)
, 132
home-making
, 145–147
long-term home-making
, 137
long-term residency, success
, 80
middle-class Chinese migrants, arrival
, 14
mobility trajectory
, 73
new arrivals, demographic profile
, 10–11
one-child migrants
, 73
only-children, presence
, 144
parental involvement
, 73, 111–115
parents/children, joining (difficulty)
, 144
participants
legal status
, 80f
residence concentration
, 18f
property, purchase
, 111–115
respondents
entry route
, 79t
legal status
, 80
year/age
, 78f
respondents, working resident status
, 82
responsibility, shift
, 145–147
schools, identification
, 74
study participants
, 16–19
United States, schools (identification)
, 74
University-level students, study abroad restriction
, 71
Upward mobility, reverse
, 38
Urban families, incomes (increase)
, 48
Urban-industrial bases
, 27–28
Urban population, Chinese Census
, 33
Urban property owners
, 24–25
Urban women, employment rate (reduction)
, 38
Video-chatting/telephoning, routine/length
, 151
Visa
policy
, 143
purchase
, 161
process
, 8
Wallerstein, Immanuel
, 27
Wang, Danning
, 116
Waters, Johanna
, 84–85, 96, 158
Wealth
, 28–31
creation/concentration, resource redistribution
, 26–27
newness
, 31
Welfare state, establishment
, 142
Western affluence, shared aspiration
, 161
Western countries, paradise (notion)
, 101–102
Western degree, devaluation
, 92–95
Westernized parenting
, 59
Western style/egalitarian child-rearing process
, 56–57
Western university degree, value (transfer)
, 145
Women
emancipation
, 36–40
liberation
, 40
one-child policy, benefits
, 37
pregnancy, time (minimization)
, 37
upward mobility, reverse
, 38
urban women, employment rate (reduction)
, 38
women-initiated labour participation movement
, 37
“Women hold up half the sky” (slogan)
, 36–37
Work
emancipation
, 36–40
experience
, 90t
factors
, 95
units
defining
, 29–30
urban resident participation (Danwei),
, 25
visa, application
, 132
Working class
backgrounds, parental support
, 115
families, fieldwork
, 69–70
Working residents
mobility/personal aspirations, change
, 81–88
Xiaoping, Deng
, 70
Xiaotian, Feng
, 53
Yichen, birth rate (reduction)
, 34
Younger generation, continuing care provision
, 129–133
Zedong, Mao
, 75
planned economy
, 37
pro-natalist policies
, 31–32
Zhongtang, Liang
, 34
Zhou, En-lai
, 32
- Prelims
- Introduction
- Chapter 1 China’s Modernization: A Generational Leap
- Chapter 2 Growing Up, Gender and Education in China
- Chapter 3 One-Child Migrants in the UK: The Decision-Making Process, Mobility Trajectory and Parental Involvement
- Chapter 4 The One-Child Family as a Transnational Dynamic Field: Money, Childcare and Aspiration
- Chapter 5 Between Space and Time: Long-Term Home-Making in the UK and in China
- Conclusion
- Appendix
- References
- Index