Index
Radha R. Sharma
(Management Development Institute, Gurgaon, India)
Sir Cary Cooper
(Manchester University, Manchester, UK)
ISBN: 978-1-78635-286-6, eISBN: 978-1-78635-285-9
Publication date: 19 December 2016
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
Sharma, R.R. and Cooper, S.C. (2016), "Index", Executive Burnout, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 371-390. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78635-286-620161007
Publisher
:Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2017 Emerald Group Publishing Limited
INDEX
Aanandmaya kosh
, 211
Abhinivesha (clinging to life or strong desire for life)
, 164
Absenteeism
, 36, 54, 58, 61–62
Acetylcholine
, 279
Achievement
expectations from the job
, 28–29
seekers
, 19
striving
, 23
Active coping strategy
, 223
Active interest
, 306–307
Activity log
, 285
Actually received social support
, 48
Acute stress disorder (ASD)
, 55, 86
prevalence of
, 93–98
Adaptive coping
, 225
ADD/ADHD
, 235
Adjustment disorders
, 55, 86
prevalence of
, 93–98
Adult ego state
, 271
Aerobic exercises
, 230
Agami (current actions resulting in future karma)
, 164
Age, and burnout
, 18
Ahimsa (nonviolence)
, 174
Ajna chakra
, 187, 188
Altered State theory
, 250
Alzheimer’s disease
, 249
American Psychological Association
, 2
Anaerobic exercises
, 230
Anahata chakra
, 186–187, 188
Anand (bliss)
, 166
Anger, hostility, and aggressive behavior
, 244
Anger management
, 283
Annamaya kosh kriyas
, 211
Antecedents to work exhaustion
, 155, 156
Anxiety
, 242
Anxiety disorders
, 55, 86
with anxiety
, 93–98
with depressed mood
, 93–98
Aparigraha (nonpossessiveness)
, 174
Apathy
, 32
Appraisal
, 45
Art of Living Foundation (AOL)
, 206–210
rules for success
, 209
Asana (postures)
, 175, 177, 190, 194–195, 196, 197
Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga
, 191
Ashtanga yoga
, 174–177
Asmita (egoism)
, 163
Assertiveness
, 281–282
Asteya (nonstealing)
, 174
Asthma
, 247–248
Atman (soul, self)
, 165, 215
Attachment cycle, and mental disturbance
, 168
Attitudinal reactions
, 155, 157
Australia
incidence of burnout
, 4
Autogenic training
, 230–232
Autohypnosis
, 251
Autonomically focused techniques
, 244
Autonomy
, 43–45, 64
Avidya (ignorance)
, 163, 164
Balance between work, family, and leisure
, 313
Balanced thoughts
, 255–256
Behavioral effects of burnout
, 88–89, 113, 117–119
Bhagvad Gita
, 168–173
Bhakti yoga
, 169, 179
Bhastrika
, 175
Bhramari
, 175
Big Five personality factors
, 20
Biofeedback
, 232–235
-assisted relaxation
, 248
Blood pressure, lowering
, 278
Blue-collar workers
, 42
Boredom
, 32
Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University
, 220
Brahmacharya (awareness of the highest reality)
, 174
Brahman (the Supreme Being)
, 165
Brahmananda Saraswati
, 205
Brain chemistry, diet influencing
, 279–280
Brain energy
, 240
Brainstorming
, 265
British Academy of Sound Therapy (BAST)
, 242
Buffering effect, of social support
, 49, 51–52, 53
Bureaucracy
machine
, 41–42
professional
, 41, 42
Burnout
behavioral effects of
, 88–89, 113, 117–119
construct and operationalization of
, 12–13
defined
, 13–14, 81, 144, 149, 151, 153
dimensions of
, 14, 144–145
empirical phase of
, 10–11
exploratory phase of
, 8–10
historical development of
, 7–8
as human-services construct
, 13–14
incidence
, 4–5
individual factors in
, 17–29
magnitude of
, 2–4
as multidimensional construct
, 13
organizational consequences of
, 58–62
organizational factors in
, 30–54
patterns of
, 103, 105–106
personal consequences of
, 55–58
phases of
, 107
prevalence of
, 91–93
prevention of
, 88, 124–136
professional consequences of
, 58–62
proneness to
, 88, 108–113
stage models of
, 150–157
stages of
, 107–108
stress and
, 106–107
symptoms of
, 88, 113, 114, 115–116
theoretical perspectives
, 11–12
see also individual entries
Burnout Measure
, 11, 13, 72
Burnout Stress Syndrome
, 69
Canada
incidence of burnout
, 5
Cancer
, 248
Cardiovascular problems
, 73
Career development stress
, 39–40
Career plans
, 311–312
Caseworkers, burnout among
, 85
Causal attribution
, 155, 156
Causal search
, 155, 156
Center for Disease Control
, 3
Centrality
, 34
Chakras
, 184, 194–195
ajna
, 187, 188
anahata
, 186–187, 188
manipura
, 186, 188
muladhara
, 185–186, 188
sahasrara
, 187–188
swadhistana
, 186, 188
vishuddha
, 187, 188
Changing jobs and roles
, 300
Cherniss’ transactional process model of burnout
, 149–150
Child ego state
, 271–272
Childcare providers, burnout among
, 75–76
Chinmaya Mission
, 220
Chit (consciousness)
, 166
Chronic Work Related Stress Evaluation Questionnaire
, 69
Classic phobias
, 73
Clinical psychology perspective of burnout
, 12
Clinicians, burnout among
, 85
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
, 243, 257–258
Cognitive restructuring
, 251–256, 257
Colleagues, support from
, 292–293, 307–308
Communication
, 289–290
humor faciliting
, 275
for social support
, 289–290
Compassion
fatigue
, 76, 77
satisfaction
, 77
Compassion Satisfaction/Fatigue test
, 77
Competence
, 26, 75, 253
Comprehensibility
, 27
Conflict, role
, 35–36, 85
Conflict management
, 281
anger management
, 283
assertiveness
, 281–282
Confrontation
, 34
Conservation of resources (COR) model of burnout
, 160
Construct of burnout
, 12–13
Contextual processing
, 154
Continued learning
, 307
Control
, 43–45
Coping
, 221
adaptive
, 225
emotion-focused
, 222–223
inadequate capacity
, 20, 21
mechanisms to fight distress, interventions to improve
, 101, 102
problem-focused
, 223
skills
, 78
stages of
, 221–222
strategies
, 223–225
with stress
, 77
Indian approaches to
, 163
techniques
, 261
Counseling
, 228
Creativity
, 34
Crisis theory
, 9
CT, for headaches
, 244
Cynicism
, 15–16, 18
Dama (control of senses or refraining from bad deeds)
, 181
Darshan
, 173
Decision authority
, 44
Decision latitude
, 44
Decision-making
, 265–266
organizational
, 303
Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT)
, 214
Dehumanization in self-defense
, 8
Delegating
, 285
Delegation of work
, 285
Demographic factors, influence on burnout
, 18–19
age and experience
, 18
gender
, 18
level of education
, 19
marital status
, 18–19
Depersonalization
, 8, 9, 14, 15, 18, 20, 22, 33, 35, 37–38, 44, 144–145, 148
absenteeism and
, 61
coaching experience
, 82
managers
, 70
nonservice occupations
, 82
nurses
, 78
police
, 83
psychiatrists
, 76
psychological disorders and
, 55
psychologists
, 79
reduced organizational commitment and
, 61
social support and
, 50
teachers
, 73
turnover and
, 61
Depression
, 289
and burnout
, 56–57
social support effect on
, 49–50
Desikachar, T.K.V.
, 189
Despair
, 23
Detachment
, 8, 144
Developmental process models of burnout
, 143–161
Dharana (concentration)
, 176
Dharma
, 165
Dhyana (meditation/contemplation)
, 176, 197–212
Diabetes
, 248
Diet for stress management
, 279–281
Direct-active coping
, 223
Direct-inactive coping
, 224
Distress
, 1
Distributive justice
, 45
Doctors, burnout among
, 75–80
Dukha
, 167, 169
Dush karma (bad karma)
, 169
Dwesha (aversions and dislikes)
, 164
Economic and Social Council of the United Nations
, 206–207
Education level, and burnout
, 19
Effective personal lifestyle
, 267
conflict management
, 281
anger management
, 283
assertiveness
, 281–282
diet for effective stress management
, 279
food, brain chemistry, and stress
, 279–280
humor, at workplace
, 275
attracting attention and energizes
, 276–277
building relationships
, 276
faciliting communication
, 275
providing perspective
, 276
reducing stress
, 276
Johari Window
, 267–269
laughter, health benefits of
, 277–279
time management
, 283–286
activity log
, 285
deciding work priorities
, 284–285
delegating
, 285
small-scale planning
, 285
transactional analysis
, 269–274
Effective stress management, diet for
, 279
Efficacy expectations
, 154
Ego states
, 270, 271
descriptive model of
, 273
Egoism
, 164
Electro dermal Response
, 234
Electroencephalogram (EEG) feedback
, 234, 235
Electromyogram (EMG)
, 233
Emancipation
, 173
Emotional challenge
, 47–48, 293
Emotional demands
, 25
Emotional development, yoga for
, 213
Emotional distress
, 55
Emotional exhaustion
, 8, 14, 15, 18, 20, 22, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 43, 44, 45, 144, 147, 148, 152
absenteeism and
, 61
coaching experience
, 82
depression and
, 57
managers
, 69
nonservice occupations
, 82
nurses
, 78
psychiatrists
, 76
psychological disorders and
, 55
reduced job performance and
, 58
social support and
, 50–53
teachers
, 73–75
turnover and
, 61
Emotional intelligence
, 68
Emotional social support
, 49
Emotional support
, 47, 293
Emotionality
, 20
Emotion-focused coping
, 222–223
Empirical phase of burnout
, 10–11
Enlightenment
, 165
Entrepreneurial burnout
, 85
Episodic Work Related Stress Evaluation Questionnaire
, 69
European Union
incidence of burnout
, 5
Executive burnout
, 68
defined
, 158
Indian model of
, 157
Executive neurosis
, 39
Exercise therapy group
, 229
Exercising
, 229–230
Exhaustion
, 15
antecedents to work
, 155, 156
emotional. See Emotional exhaustion
mental
, 72, 152
physical
, 72, 151
Experience, and burnout
, 18
Exploratory phase of burnout
, 8–10
Expressive Relaxation Training
, 243
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
, 56
Fairness, and burnout
, 53–54
Fatigue, compassion
, 76
Feedback
, 306, 309
Feeling personality types
, 25
Fibromyalgia
, 247
Food, brain chemistry, and stress
, 279–280
Frustration and aggression theory
, 9
Galvanic Skin Response
, 234
Gamma-interferon
, 277
Gastrointestinal problems
, 73
Gender
and burnout
, 18
differences in work stress
, 67
Gender differences, social support
, 291
General Health Questionnaire
, 55, 79
Generalized anxiety symptoms
, 243
Generalized resistance resources (GRRs)
, 287
Goenka, S.N.
, 199
Golembiewski model of burnout
, 146–147
Group Dynamics Laboratory
, 268
Guided imagery/visualization
, 236–237
Gunas
, 170–173
Gyan (knowledge/wisdom) yoga
, 180
Hardiness, and burnout
, 21
Hatha yoga
, 177, 178, 188–194
Headaches
, 244–245
Health benefits of laughter
, 277–279
Helping relationship
, 34
Helsinki Heart Study
, 58
High blood pressure
, 235
Historical development of burnout
, 7–8
HIV
Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR)
, 248–249
Hopelessness
, 23
Human-services construct, burnout as
, 13–14
Humor, at workplace
, 275
attracting attention and energizes
, 276–277
building relationships
, 276
faciliting communication
, 275
providing perspective
, 276
reducing stress
, 276
Hypertension
and cardiac conditions
, 235
and heart disease
, 246–247
lowering
, 278
Hypnosis
, 249–251
Hypnotherapy
, 249–250
Ida (left sympathetic chain of spinal cord)
, 185
Impatience
, 23
Inactive coping strategy
, 223
Incentive theory
, 9
Incidence of burnout
, 4–5
Incontinence
, 235
Indian model of executive burnout
, 157
Indian spirituality
, 241
Indirect-active coping
, 224
Indirect-inactive coping
, 224
Individual factors
in burnout
, 17–29
demographic factors
, 18–19
perceived gender equity
, 29
personal job expectations
, 28–29
personality characteristics
, 19–28
preventing burnout
, 311
actively perusing professional development
, 312–313
developing early career insights
, 311–312
greater organizational negotiation skills
, 312
need for achievement
, 313
striking a balance between work, family, and leisure
, 313
Industrial-organizational psychology perspective of burnout
, 12
Inefficacy
, 15, 16
“I”ness. See egoism
Infinite being
, 165
Influence
, 34
Informational social support
, 49
Insomnia
, 245
Instant Relaxation Technique (IRT)
, 214
Instrumental social support
, 49
Integration
, 34
Intellectual development, yoga for
, 213
Internal purification (antah-karana-suddhi)
, 217
International Association for Human Values
, 209
International sports performers, burnout among
, 83
Inter-role conflict
, 36
Inter-role distance
, 68
Inter-role distance
, 38
Inter-role linkage
, 34
Inter-sender conflict
, 36
Intra-sender conflict
, 36
Irritability
, 23–24
Irritable bowel syndrome
, 247
Ishvara pranidhana (dedication/devotion to creative force/supreme)
, 174
Iyengar, B.K.S.
, 189
Iyengar Yoga
, 191
Jacobson’s progressive muscle relaxation (JPMR)
, 228
Jacobson’s Progressive Relaxation Technique
, 227
Jnana yoga
, 169
Jnani (a self-realized person)
, 197
Job
burnout
, 15–16
dissatisfaction
, 36, 37, 38
insecurity
, 39
performance
, 38
personal expectations from
, 28–29
reduced performance
, 58–59
satisfaction
, 65, 66
strain, and psychiatric morbidity
, 56
Job burnout, prevention from
, 297
Job demand-resource (JD-R) model of burnout
, 161
Johari Window
, 267–269
Jurists, burnout among
, 85
Justice
distributive
, 45
procedural
, 45
Karma (action/deeds)
, 163, 166, 169, 173
defined
, 215
dush karma (bad karma)
, 169
Karma yoga
, 169, 180
for attitude change in stress management
, 218–220
stress-free work life with
, 215–220
Karoshi
, 34
Kewali
, 175
Kleshas
, 163, 164, 167–168, 169, 196
Kundalini yoga
, 181–184
evolution of
, 180–183
stress management through
, 183–184
Learned helplessness
, 9, 46
Leiter’s revised process model of burnout
, 146
Leiter–Maslach process model of burnout
, 145
Life cycle of individuals
, 167
Life Positions
, 271
Life script
, 271
Life Status Review Questionnaire
, 77
Lifestyle changes, and burnout
, 103, 104
Lighting, and stress
, 31
Limiting hours of stressful work
, 298–299
Listening
, 47
active
, 292
Locus of control
and burnout
, 21–22, 24
inventory
, 70
Locus of Control Questionnaire
, 77
Low self-esteem
, 20, 26–27, 74
Machine bureaucracy
, 41
Magnitude of burnout
, 2–4
Maharishi
, 205
Mahesh Yogi
, 205
Manageability
, 27
Management development
, 304
Management training, providing
, 304
Managers
perception of stress
, 5–7
stress and burnout in
, 64–71
Manipura chakra
, 186, 188
Manomaya kosh
, 211
Mantra
, 197
Mantras, chanting or listening to
, 241
Marital status, and burnout
, 18–19
Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI)
, 9, 10, 11, 13, 24, 35, 42, 55, 57, 68, 69, 72, 75, 77–79, 82, 143, 146, 158
Maslach Burnout Scale
, 56
Maslach model of burnout
, 143–145
Maya (illusion)
, 166, 178
Meaningful work, finding
, 309–310
Meaningfulness
, 27
Meditation
, 176, 197–210
insight
, 198–204
transcendental
, 204–210
Meditative techniques
, 226
Meier’s model of burnout
, 153–155
Menopausal symptoms
, 247
Mental demands
, 25
Mental exhaustion
, 72, 152
Mental health professionals’ perception of executive burnout
, 85
behavioral effects of burnout
, 113, 117–119
burnout cases, approaching
, 122–124
data analysis
, 91–108
frequency of visits
, 120–122
methodology
, 86–91
prevention of
, 124–136
proneness to burnout
, 108–113
responses
, 137
suggestions
, 138–141
symptoms of burnout
, 113, 114, 115–116
MetLife
, 3
Migraine headaches
, 234–235
Millennium Development Goals
, 209
Mind–body connection
, 275
Mindfulness
-based stress reduction
, 200
role in vipassana
, 200
MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)
, 20
Moksha
, 163, 167, 174
Momentary concentration (khanika Samadhi)
, 199
Moore’s attributional model of work exhaustion consequences
, 155–157
Motivation
conflicting
, 20
excessive
, 20
Mukti
, 163, 215
Muladhara chakra
, 185–186, 188
Multidimensional construct, burnout as
, 13
Mumukshtva
, 181
Murchha
, 175
Music therapy
, 237–240
Myers Briggs Type Inventory
, 24
National Center for Health Statistics
, 2
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
, 2, 3
Negative emotions
, 230
Negative thinking
, 236
Negotiation skills, organizational
, 312
Neuro feedback
, 235
Neuroticism, and burnout
, 20–21, 73
Neurotransmitters
, 279
Nirbana (nonattachment)
, 204
Niyama (observances)
, 174–175, 177
Noise, and stress
, 30
Nonservice occupations, burnout in
, 82
Norepinephrine
, 279
Nurses, burnout among
, 75–80
Occupational stress
, 2–3, 64, 66–67, 75
gender differences in
, 67
Occupational Stress Index
, 75
Occupational Stress Indicator-2
, 66
Occupational stressors
, 295
Oneness
, 165
Operationalization of burnout
, 12–13
Organizational burnout
, 62
Organizational change
, 45–46
Organizational climate
, 40–43
Organizational commitment
reduced
, 60–61
and stress
, 70, 74
Organizational Commitment Questionnaire
, 69
Organizational consequences of stress/burnout
, 58–62
Organizational culture
, 40–43
Organizational expectations from the job
, 28
Organizational factors, in burnout
, 30–54
career development stress
, 39–40
organizational structure, culture, and climate
, 40–54
role efficacy
, 34–38
work characteristics
, 30–34
Organizational flexibility, increasing
, 299–300
Organizational problem-solving and decision-making
, 303
Organizational Role Stress (ORS) Scale
, 22
Organizational structure
, 40–43
Organizations, preventing/mitigating burnout in
, 295–298
Organizations, preventive measures taken by
, 298
agency goals and guiding philosophies
, 309
changing jobs and roles
, 300
finding greater professional autonomy and support
, 310–311
limiting hours of stressful work
, 298–299
management development
, 304
meaningful work, finding
, 309–310
organizational flexibility, increasing
, 299–300
organizational problem-solving and decision-making
, 303
staff–client ratios, reducing
, 300–301
staff development
, 304–306
supportive work environment
, 306–308
time-out, availability of
, 301–302
training
, 302–303
working conditions, improving
, 308–309
Orientation
, 263–264
Outcome expectations
, 154
Overload
, 31–32
qualitative
, 33
quantitative
, 33
role
, 37
Panic disorder
, 242–243
Pareek’s Role Efficacy Scale
, 35
Parent ego
, 271
Passion
harmonious
, 82
obsessive
, 82
Passive relaxation techniques
, 236
guided imagery/visualization
, 236–237
music therapy
, 237–240
sounds of nature
, 241–242
sound therapy
, 240–241
Patthana vipassana
, 202
Perceived available social support
, 48
Perceived gender equality (PGE)
, 29
Perceived gender equity (PGE)
, 29
Perfectionism
, 252
Performance appraisal
, 45
Personal accomplishment
, 145
nurses
, 79
police
, 83
psychologists
, 79
reduced
, 9, 14, 16, 148
teachers
, 73–75
Personal consequences of stress/burnout
, 55
physiological disorders
, 57–58
psychological disorders
, 55–57
Personal “crash and burn”
, 296
Personal effectiveness
, 269, 270
Personal expectations from the job
, 28–29
Personal growth
, 34
Personality characteristics, influence on burnout
, 19–28
competence
, 26
comprehensibility
, 27
hardiness
, 21
locus of control
, 21–22
neuroticism
, 20–21
psychological type and
, 24–25
resilience
, 28
self-efficacy
, 25–26
self-esteem
, 26–27
Type A behavior pattern
, 22–24
Personality development, yoga for
, 212–213
Person-role conflict
, 36
Perspective, humor providing
, 276
Philosophies, guiding
, 309
Phobias, classic
, 73
Physical environment, designing
, 308–309
Physical exercises
, 229–230
Physical exhaustion
, 72, 152
Physical intervention to burnout
, 103, 104
Physical reality
, 293
Physical work environment
, 30–31
Physiological disorders
, 57–58
Pines’ and Aronson’s existential model of burnout
, 151–153
Pingala (right sympathetic chain of spinal cord)
, 185
Police, burnout among
, 82–83
Positive emotions
, 274
Positive thinking
, 256–257
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
, 55, 86
prevalence of
, 93–98
Prakrti (human nature)
, 170
Pranayama (control of breath)
, 175, 195–197
kosha
, 211
ujjayi
, 190
Prarabdha (fructifying)
, 164
Prasad (offering)
, 166–167
Pratyahara (withdrawal)
, 175–176
Presenteeism
, 33
Prevention of burnout
, 88, 124–136, 221
Proactivity
, 34–35
Probation officers, burnout among
, 83
Problem-focused coping
, 223
Problem-solving
, 262
decision-making
, 265–266
generation of alternatives
, 265
problem definition and formulation
, 264–265
verification
, 266
Procedural justice
, 45
Professional autonomy and support, finding greater
, 310–311
Professional bureaucracy
, 41–42
Professional consequences of stress/burnout
, 58–62
Professional development
, 312–313
Professional Impact Questionnaire
, 84
Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR)
, 244
Progressive relaxation
, 227–229
Proneness to burnout
, 88, 108–113
Psychiatrists, burnout among
, 76
Psychoacoustics
, 239
Psychological contract
, 46
Psychological disorders
, 55–57
Psychological intervention to burnout
, 103, 104
Psychological type, and burnout
, 24–25
Psychological well-being
, 66
Psychologists, burnout among
, 79
Psychology of conflict
, 9
Psychoneurosis
, 98–100
early intervention in preventing/reducing
, 100
Psychosis
, 98–100
early intervention in preventing/reducing
, 100
Psychosomatics
, 9
Quick Relaxation Technique (QRT)
, 214
Raga (cravings, strong likes and attractions)
, 163, 164
Raja yoga
, 181
Rajas
, 171
Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)
, 257–260
Rational Restructuring
, 257
Rational Therapy, see Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)
Rational Thinking
, 256
Rationality
, 165
Reactance and learned helplessness theory
, 9
Reality, sharing
, 294
Recognition and feedback
, 306
Reduced job performance
, 58–60
Reduced organizational commitment
, 60–61
Reduced personal accomplishment
, 9, 13, 14, 148
Referencing techniques
, 259
Reinforcement expectations
, 153
Relationships, humor building
, 276
Relaxation for body and the mind
, 225
autogenic training
, 230–232
biofeedback
, 232–235
effectiveness in various disorders
, 242
Alzheimer’s disease
, 249
anger, hostility, and aggressive behavior
, 244
anxiety
, 242
asthma
, 247–248
cancer
, 248
diabetes
, 248
fibromyalgia
, 247
generalized anxiety symptoms
, 243
headaches
, 244–245
HIV
, 248–249
hypertension and heart disease
, 246–247
insomnia
, 245
irritable bowel syndrome
, 247
menopausal symptoms
, 247
panic disorder
, 242–243
relaxation therapies with children
, 246
seizures
, 249
smoking
, 245–246
social phobia
, 243
substance abuse
, 245
test anxiety
, 243
physical exercises
, 229–230
progressive relaxation
, 227–229
relaxation training
, 227
Relaxation training
, 246
Rensis Likert’s Profile of Organizational Characteristics (POC)
, 42
Resilience
, 28
Resource inadequacy
, 68
Reward systems
, 45
Role
ambiguity
, 37–38, 68, 85
centering
, 34
conflict
, 35–36, 85
defined
, 34
efficacy
, 34–38
erosion
, 68
expectation conflict
, 68
linking
, 34–35
overload
, 38, 68, 85
stagnation
, 68
Role ambiguity
, 38
Role Efficacy questionnaires
, 70
Role Making Behavior
, 34
Rotter’s Internal-External Scale
, 22
Rust out
, 32
Sahasrara (cerebral cortex)
, 184–185
Sahasrara chakra
, 187–188
Sahita Kumbhaka
, 175
Salvation
, 165
Samadhana
, 181
Samadhi (enlightenment)
, 176–177
Samskara (cycle of rebirth)
, 165
Sanchita (accumulated)
, 164
Sannyasa (the state of renunciation)
, 217
Santosha (contentment)
, 174
Sat (existence)
, 166
Satipatthana vipassana
, 202
Sattva
, 170, 171
Satya (truthfulness)
, 174
Satyananda Yoga
, 191
Scheduling
, 284
Security seekers
, 19
Seizures
, 249
Self-awareness
, 193
Self-awareness, approach to
, 267–269
Self-disclosure
, 290–291
Self-efficacy
, 25–27, 46, 75
generalized
, 26
professional
, 25
specific
, 26
Self-esteem
, 26–27, 37, 46
low
, 20, 26, 74
Self-exploration
, 193
Self-hypnosis
, 251
Self-inefficacy
, 9
Self-introspection
, 171
Self-Management of Excessive Stress (SMET)
, 214
Self-realization
, 164, 165, 169, 173, 174, 179, 197
Self-role distance
, 38
Self-role distance
, 68
Self-transcendence
, 193
Sense of coherence (SOC)
, 27, 57
Sense of humor
, 274
Serotonin
, 279
Sex offenders, burnout among
, 84
Shama (withdrawal of senses)
, 181
Sharing
, 48
Shatsampatti
, 180–181
Shaucha (purity of body and mind)
, 174
Shifts in expectations from the job
, 29
Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure
, 13
Shraddha
, 181
Sitali
, 175
Sivananda Yoga
, 191
16 PF (Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors Scale)
, 20
Skill discretion
, 44
Small-scale planning
, 285
Smoking
, 245–246
Social anxiety
, 73
Social contacts
, 290
Social network
, 288
Social phobia
, 243
Social psychology perspective of burnout
, 12
Social reality
, 48
testing and sharing
, 293–294
Social support
, 46–53, 286
actually received
, 48–49
building
, 289
communication
, 289–290
self-disclosure
, 290–291
defined
, 46
dimensions of
, 288–289
effects on burnout
, 48–52
emotional
, 49
functions of
, 291
active listening
, 292
emotional challenge
, 293
emotional support
, 293
social reality testing and sharing
, 293–294
technical appreciation
, 292
technical challenge
, 292–293
informational
, 49
instrumental
, 49
perceived available
, 48
roles and functions of
, 47
Sound therapy
, 240–241
Sounds of nature
, 241–242
Spiritual development, yoga for
, 213–214
Sports, burnout in
, 80–82
Sri Sri Ravi Shankar
, 206–210
Staff development
, 304–306
Staff–client ratios, reducing
, 300–301
Stage fright
, 73
Status congruence
, 39
Stimulus–response relationship
, 270
Stitha Prajna
, 173
Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study
, 57
Stress
, 1, 274
and burnout
, 106–107
career development
, 39–40
coping with
, 77, 163
among doctors
, 75–80
humor reducing
, 276
management through yoga
, 173–174
among managers
, 64–71
manager’s perception of
, 5–6
among nurses
, 75–80
occupational
, 2–3, 64, 66–67
organizational commitment and
, 70, 74
organizational consequences of
, 58–62
personal consequences of
, 55–58
professional consequences of
, 58–62
-related disorders, prevalence of
, 93–98
and strain
, 235
Stress diary
, 297
Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)
, 260
application training
, 2621
skills application
, 261
therapeutic alliance and conduct psycho-education
, 261
Stress management, effective
diet for
, 279
Stressful Events Questionnaire
, 79
Stress-induced problems
, 227
Stress-related mood disturbances
, 295–296
Strokes
, 271
Structural Model of Human Personality
, 272
Structural modeling
, 11
Students, burnout among
, 84
Substance abuse
, 245
Sudarshan Kriya
, 208
Super-ordination
, 34–35
Support system
, 287
Supportive work environment
, 306–308
Survival bias
, 18
Surya Bhedi
, 175
Sushumna (spinal cord)
, 185
Sustainability
, 28
Svadhyaya (selfstudy/reflection of sacred text)
, 174
Swadhistana chakra
, 186, 188
Symptoms of burnout
, 88, 113, 114, 115–116
Tamas
, 171
Tantra yoga
, 181, 184–185
Tapah (austerity/training senses)
, 174
Teachers, burnout among
, 71–75
Technical appreciation
, 47, 292
Technical challenge
, 47, 292–293
Technical support
, 292
Tedium Measure
, 10
Temperature Feedback
, 234
Tennis coaches, burnout among
, 84
Test anxiety
, 243
Test-Operate-Test-Exit (TOTE) unit
, 266
Therapeutic humor
, 275
Thinking personality types
, 25
Time management
, 283–286
activity log
, 285
deciding work priorities
, 284–285
delegating
, 285
small-scale planning
, 285
Time pressure, and burnout
, 33–34
Time-out, availability of
, 301–302
Training programs
, 302–303
Transactional analysis
, 269–274
Transactional process model of burnout
, 149–150
Transcendental meditation (TM)
, 205–210
Trauma, and burnout
, 76–77
Turnover
, 61–62
behavior
, 58
intentions
, 58
Type A behavior pattern, and burnout
, 22–24
Type B personality
, 24
Ujjayi pranayama
, 190
Unconscious Occult reservoir theory
, 250
United Kingdom
incidence of burnout
, 4
United Nations Millennium Campaign (UNMC)
, 209
United States
incidence of burnout
, 4
Unmet expectations from the job
, 29
Upanishads (ancient Indian literature)
, 184
Uparati
, 181
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
, 2
U.S. Department of Labor
, 2
Vairagya
, 181
Van Dierendonck–Schaufeli–Buunk model of burnout
, 148–149
Veninga and Spradley’s stage model of burnout
, 150–151
Vijanamaya kosh
, 211
Viniyoga
, 189
Vipassana (insight meditation)
, 198–205
benefits of
, 202–205
mindfulness, role of
, 200
requirements for practice
, 201–202
Vishuddha chakra
, 187, 188
Visualization
, 236–237
Viveka
, 181
Vivekanand Kendra
, 220
Warley’s Burnout Inventory
, 70
Well-being, psychological
, 66
Western approaches
, 221
cognitive restructuring
, 251–256
effectiveness of relaxation
Alzheimer’s disease
, 249
anger, hostility, and aggressive behavior
, 244
anxiety
, 242
asthma
, 247–248
cancer
, 248
diabetes
, 248
fibromyalgia
, 247
generalized anxiety symptoms
, 243
headaches
, 244–245
HIV
, 248–249
hypertension and heart disease
, 246–247
insomnia
, 245
irritable bowel syndrome
, 247
menopausal symptoms
, 247
panic disorder
, 242–243
relaxation therapies with children
, 246
seizures
, 249
smoking
, 245–246
social phobia
, 243
substance abuse
, 245
test anxiety
, 243
hypnosis and autohypnosis
, 249–251
passive relaxation
, 236
guided imagery or visualization
, 236–237
music therapy
, 237–240
sounds of nature
, 241–242
sound therapy
, 240–241
positive thinking
, 256–257
problem-solving
, 262
decision-making
, 265–266
generation of alternatives
, 265
problem definition and formulation
, 264–265
verification
, 266
Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)
, 257–260
relaxation for body and the mind
, 225
autogenic training
, 230–232
biofeedback
, 232–235
physical exercises
, 229–230
progressive relaxation
, 227–229
relaxation training
, 227
Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)
, 260–262
White-collar workers
, 42
Women physicians, burnout among
, 80
Work characteristics, influence on burnout
, 30–34
Work environment, supportive
, 306–308
Work hours, and burnout
, 33–34
Work Locus of Control Scale
, 66
Work priorities, deciding
, 284–285
Workaholism Questionnaire Coping Checklist
, 69
Working conditions, improving
, 308–309
Workload, and burnout
, 31–33
Workplace, humor at see humor, at workplace
Work-related stress, reducing
, 275
Work-related Stress Inventory
, 77
Working conditions, improving
, 308–309
Yama (codes of restraint/self-regulations)
, 174, 177
Yoga
ashtanga
, 174–175
Bhakti
, 169, 180
for emotional development
, 213
gyan
, 180–181
hatha
, 177, 178, 188–194
for intellectual development
, 213
jnana
, 169
karma
, 169, 179–180, 215–220
kundalini
, 181–184
as lifestyle for stress/burnout management
, 210–215
for personality development
, 212–213
physiological dimensions of
, 210–211
raja
, 181
for spiritual development
, 213–214
stress management through
, 173–174
tantra
, 181, 184–185
Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale
, 56
- Prelims
- 1 Stress And Burnout: an Introduction
- 2 Contribution of Individual and Organizational Factors in Burnout
- 3 Burnout in Various Professions
- 4 Models of Burnout
- 5 Indian Approaches to Coping With Stress and Burnout
- 6 Western Approaches
- 7 General and Organisational Approaches
- References
- About the Authors
- Index