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Expert briefing
Publication date: 3 December 2020

The conference raised approximately USD1bn for 2020, and USD725mn for 2021. This met the organisers’ target for the conference itself, but fell short of the USD2.4bn the UN says…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 14 July 2022

Like France, Germany is now partnering with Niger, but it continues to avoid combat roles, helping to keep its political risks in the region fairly low. Meanwhile, Berlin does not…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 10 November 2020

Although France officially highlights the multilateral, multidimensional aspects of its operations in the Sahel, in practice the emphasis is on 'kinetic' operations and body…

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Expert briefing (3)
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