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Expert briefing
Publication date: 24 July 2017

Turkey has long been the key player in Iraqi Kurdistan's oil and gas sector, facilitating oil exports and offering gas transit. However, the Kurdish referendum, coupled with…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 4 April 2016

The impact of the sanctions Russia imposed after Turkey shot down its warplane on November 24.

Expert briefing
Publication date: 11 May 2015

Azerbaijan's rising profile in South-eastern Europe, both as hydrocarbons supplier and source of investment.

Expert briefing
Publication date: 8 December 2023

This highlights government sensitivity to sectoral concerns about climate change regulation and reflects President Emmanuel Macron’s broader strategy of seeking incentives rather…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 13 December 2019

Meeting in Ohrid on November 10, the leaders of Serbia, North Macedonia and Albania pledged to abolish border controls and work towards an integrated economic area. Such regional…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 15 April 2021

That is well above the less than 1% average growth rate over the past eight years but little more than half the IMF’s forecast for global recovery, reflecting South Africa’s…

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