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Expert briefing
Publication date: 1 April 2020

From US contractors in Iraq and Russian mercenary groups in Syria, to Gulf states’ ‘foreign legions’ in Yemen and multiple Iranian proxy militias, national armies no longer…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 4 November 2020

The move reflects Turkey's failure to contain advances by the Moscow-backed Damascus government. President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has engaged in multiple military adventures in the…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 11 September 2023

The demonstrations were triggered by Assad’s mid-August announcement of big fuel price increases, only partly mitigated by rises in salaries and pensions. However, they have been…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 24 May 2017

The pro-Iranian Badr Organisation is one of the larger PMUs -- groups of mostly Shia armed volunteers established in 2014 to help the army fight IS. They launched a new offensive…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 4 May 2021

Ten years after it experienced mass protests during the 2011 Arab uprisings, Manama remains deeply concerned about the potential threat from a Shia-led opposition -- and its…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 14 July 2023

The letter specified that aid must be coordinated with Damascus and also pushed for donors to fulfil their commitments and support refugee return -- a key issue for Arab…

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