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1 – 4 of 4Operating restrictions on Western firms since 2022 have expanded into expropriation risks over the last year. This month Putin signed a decree to authorise the seizure of US…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB287272
ISSN: 2633-304X
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However, although output has grown, a tight labour market and persistent inflation have created new problems. The reorientation of trade away from Europe has resulted in a…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB285374
ISSN: 2633-304X
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As President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev tries to manage the impact of Russia's war in Ukraine, he is promising political and economic reforms to consolidate his position following…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB268406
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
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The sanctions amount to a middle-of-the-road approach: leaders agreed to keep Russia in the SWIFT payment system and avoid targeting Russian energy exports. They will not cause…