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The stress–strain behaviors of rockfill materials in dams are significantly affected by the anisotropy and grain crushing. However, these factors are rarely considered in numerical simulations of high rockfill dams. This study intends to develop a reasonable and practical constitutive model for rockfill materials to overcome the above problems.

The effects of anisotropy and grain crushing are comprehensively considered by the spatial position of the reference state line. After the improved generalized plasticity model for rockfill materials (referred to as the PZR model) is developed and verified by laboratory tests, it is used with the finite element method to simulate the stress–strain behaviors of the Nuozhadu high core rockfill dam.

The simulated results agree well with the laboratory tests data and the situ monitoring data, verifying the reliability and practicability of the developed PZR model.

A new anisotropic state parameter is proposed to reflect the nonmonotonic variation in the strength as the major principal stress direction angle varies. This advantage is verified by the simulation of a set of conventional triaxial tests with different inclination angles of the compaction plane. 2) This is the first time that the elastoplastic model is verified by the situ monitoring data of high core rockfill dams. The numerical simulation results show that the PZR model can well reflect the stress–strain characteristics of rockfill materials in high core rockfill dams and is better than the traditional EB model.

The return behavior of customers has a great impact on the e-retail industry and has resulted in the emergence of return-freight insurance (RI). Additionally, customer loss aversion arising from returns affects e-retailers' decisions and manufacturers' profits. Therefore, the main purpose of the authors' study is to determine how e-retailers and manufacturers choose their RI strategy and pricing according to customers' loss aversion.

The authors propose three scenarios: no RI, customer purchase RI and free e-retail RI (FRI). Meanwhile, the authors also model a Stackelberg game between e-retailers and manufacturers for analysis. Then, according to customer return behavior and loss aversion, the authors study the optimal pricing decision and RI premium allocation scheme for e-retailers and manufacturers under different scenarios.

It was found that the loss sensitivity reduces customers' willingness to buy RI, which is not conducive to the development of e-retailers and manufacturers. Additionally, with higher loss sensitivity, e-retailers and manufacturers offer FRI to gain higher profits, which supports the implementation of the FRI strategy.

The authors introduce customers' loss aversion into RI to analyze the optimal pricing decisions and profits of e-retailers and manufacturers, enriching the application of loss aversion theory. In addition, this study analyzes the two-way cost-sharing mechanism between manufacturers and e-retailers to provide FRI, which provides a theoretical basis for RI premium sharing.