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The European Joint Conference was held in St Petersburg, Russia. Approximately 120 people attended the conference, many bringing along spouses who enjoyed visiting this beautiful, culture rich city. The site was selected to give attendees from Western Europe, North America and Southeast Asia (although there were few, if any, attendees from Southeast Asia) an opportunity to look into the former Soviet Union and learn more about its printed circuit industry.

“The only constant in today's world is change”. We've heard this many times over the past several years. It has become a cliche. Fact is, not only is it true, but change is coming at us at a faster and faster rate with each passing year.

The Electronic Industries Association (EIA) has announced the release of EIA‐364–71, Solder Wicking Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors/ Sockets (Wave Solder Technique), formerly Standards Proposal No. 2185‐A. The object of this test is to determine whether a connector can be wave soldered to a printed wiring board without sustaining damage caused by solder wicking onto the contact surfaces or other areas that might alter its operating characteristics.

The authors aim to explore the link between the gender composition of occupations and women's access to managerial positions in four societal contexts.

Using EU-LFS data for 2015, the authors measure the relative gender equality performance of France, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK regarding women's access to managerial positions, defined as levels 1 and 2 of the 2008 ISCO classification coupled with the exercise of managerial responsibilities.

While gender-mixed working environments offer the largest number of managerial positions, they are also where women are least likely to reach such a position. Overall, except in Switzerland, women fare best in male-dominated occupations. Women do not appear to fare worse than men in female-dominated occupations, except in France.

The findings question the relevance of policies aimed simply at reducing occupational gender segregation without providing safeguards against the deleterious effects that gender mixing may have on women's career advancement.

The disparities between countries found here show that individual career advancement towards a managerial position may be driven by the social policies, gender ideology and institutions of the societal context. Examining how the societal dimensions involved in the poor performance of women in France and Switzerland are likely to differ sheds light on mechanisms behind the gender gap in management.