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1 – 10 of over 2000Qi Zheng Li, Yu Zuo, Jing Mao Zhao, Yu Ming Tang, Xu Hui Zhao and Jin Ping Xiong
By adding a Ce salt and an Nd salt to an anodizing electrolyte, modified anodic films are obtained on aluminum surfaces. This paper aims to study the effects of rare‐earth elements…
Abstract
Purpose
By adding a Ce salt and an Nd salt to an anodizing electrolyte, modified anodic films are obtained on aluminum surfaces. This paper aims to study the effects of rare‐earth elements on the corrosion resistance of the anode film.
Design/methodology/approach
The crystalline film was studied by X‐ray diffraction. The methods of scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, electrochemical polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to characterize the properties of the films.
Findings
After rare‐earth element modification, the pores of the porous layer were very evidently smaller, the anodic film was more compact, and the thickness and hardness of the films had increased. The corrosion resistance of the anodic films modified with rare‐earth elements clearly was improved in neutral, acidic, and basic NaCl solutions. Ce showed a better effect than Nd in increasing the corrosion resistance of the films, and the film modified with Ce+Nd showed the highest corrosion resistance. EIS analysis showed that the impedances of both the barrier layer and porous layer of the anodic films increased after modification with the rare‐earth elements, indicating that the anodizing process was affected by the presence of the rare‐earth elements.
Originality/value
The results presented in this paper offer a foundation for further research and application of rare‐earth elements in aluminum anodic oxide films.
Details
Keywords
China holds a global monopoly of up to 97 percent for rare earth elements (REEs), which are indispensable for all kinds of twenty-first century high-tech applications. Since China…
Abstract
Purpose
China holds a global monopoly of up to 97 percent for rare earth elements (REEs), which are indispensable for all kinds of twenty-first century high-tech applications. Since China has disrupted its exports and started discriminating between domestic and foreign demand, REEs have become a geostrategic resource. In March 2012, Japan, the USA and the European Union jointly filed a World Trade Organization dispute settlement case against China. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate why China implemented export quotas and tariffs on REEs and how the state is engaged in this sector domestically and abroad.
Design/methodology/approach
The analysis frames China as a “competition state” and connects domestic with foreign economic policy on REEs. It uses data from Chinese official documents and non-Chinese sources.
Findings
Better government control aims to consolidate the sector and lay the foundation for three other goals, namely: the establishment of integrated and innovative Chinese corporations that compete globally; the provision of incentives to attract high-tech foreign direct investment to China; and better environmental protection. China wants to climb the next step of the technological ladder to gain global economic leadership.
Practical implications
Global environmental protection in mining is eased. However, non-Chinese market players can only take advantage of new business opportunities when the prices remain high. Since REEs are of strategic importance, rising political interference and raw materials diplomacy will continue to distort markets and price building.
Originality/value
The paper connects domestic reregulation of China's rare earth sector with foreign policy goals (or “going in” and “going out”) using the competition state approach.
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Keywords
Rare earths are essential materials for many high-tech industries critical to both economic development and national defense. China, the world's dominant supplier of rare earths…
Abstract
Purpose
Rare earths are essential materials for many high-tech industries critical to both economic development and national defense. China, the world's dominant supplier of rare earths, has recently been imposing stricter controls over its production and export. The purpose of this paper is to examine the domestic roots of the changes in China's rare earth industry production and exports in its three-decade rise to the current global monopoly.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper adopts the historical institutionalism approach to analyze the trajectory of industry and trade development. The author analyzes data collected from government whitepapers and reputed scholarly and news sources.
Findings
This paper argues that the Chinese rare earth industry has gone through three periods of development, in which the state attempted to control the market and industry through reformulating rules and institutions to achieve state goals. Domestic state institutions, combined with macroeconomic environment and state governance strategy shaped the three-decade experience of rare earth industry and trade development in China.
Originality/value
This paper builds on existing findings about Chinese state regulations to provide a novel analytical framework to analyze the role of the state in industry and trade development in the rare earth industry. The focus on a single strategic industry seldom studied in the current literature also provides ample empirical value to further scholarly understanding about this industry.
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Keywords
The rare earth ores China imports from the United States will face a 25% rate, however, reducing the attractiveness of processing the material in China. The rare earth…
Details
DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB243711
ISSN: 2633-304X
Keywords
Geographic
Topical
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of the paper is to study the tribological performance of an oil soluble mixed rare‐earth alkylsalicylate (REA) as lubrication additive in VG 26 white oil, and to estimate the action mechanism.
Design/methodology/approach
The organo rare‐earth compound is synthesized, and added in base oil with different concentrations. The tribological performances of the organo rare‐earth compound as a lubrication additive in VG 26 white oil and its anti‐wear properties are evaluated with a four‐ball friction and wear tester. The wear scar is analyzed with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Findings
The novel compound exhibits excellent anti‐wear, load‐carrying and friction‐reducing capacities in base stock. The analytical results of XPS indicate that the excellent performance of REA can be attributed to the formation of a boundary lubricating film mainly composed of alkylsalicylic acid, rare earth oxide, and complexes of rare earth metals, which is formed on a rubbed surface when lubricated by oil containing the REA additive.
Research limitations/implications
Their antioxidant and anticorrosion properties are not estimated.
Practical implications
One useful AW and EP lubricating oil additive is synthesized, and maybe it is the potential industrial applied lubricating oil additive.
Originality/value
This paper provides a study of organo rare‐earth compounds as lubrication additives.
Details
Keywords
Investor sentiment has been dented by China’s large production quotas and the threat of substitution in magnet making. However, price-supporting production cuts are possible…
Details
DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB280101
ISSN: 2633-304X
Keywords
Geographic
Topical
Japan and United States have markedly reduced their dependence on Chinese rare earths since the mid-2000s -- signposting the future of supply dynamics for critical minerals whose…
Details
DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB271376
ISSN: 2633-304X
Keywords
Geographic
Topical
Short-term factors combined to strengthen prices, including widespread flooding in China’s Sichuan province and low capacity utilisation among producers outside China. In the…
Details
DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB261080
ISSN: 2633-304X
Keywords
Geographic
Topical
This growing demand will place African countries in an unusually strong bargaining position in negotiations over access to these commodities.
Details
DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB274990
ISSN: 2633-304X
Keywords
Geographic
Topical
Ten years after first imposing export restrictions on these metals, China's dominance has shifted but not waned. President Xi Jinping's visit to a rare earth magnet factory at the…