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IN order to be able to discriminate with certainty between butter and such margarine as is sold in England, it is necessary to carry out two or three elaborate and delicate chemical processes. But there has always been a craving by the public for some simple method of determining the genuineness of butter by means of which the necessary trouble could be dispensed with. It has been suggested that such easy detection would be possible if all margarine bought and sold in England were to be manufactured with some distinctive colouring added—light‐blue, for instance—or were to contain a small amount of phenolphthalein, so that the addition of a drop of a solution of caustic potash to a suspected sample would cause it to become pink if it were margarine, while nothing would occur if it were genuine butter. These methods, which have been put forward seriously, will be found on consideration to be unnecessary, and, indeed, absurd.

Electroplating of palladium‐nickel alloy is becoming widely used, mainly for interconnection applications in the electronics industry and for decorative purposes. Enhanced hardness and brightness combined with superior wear properties compared with hard gold deposits make this alloy desirable in many applications. Like pure palladium, palladium‐nickel is frequently covered with a thin layer of hard gold to improve contact reliability; this results in a much less expensive and longer‐lasting contact material than hard gold on its own. In response to the growing demand, the authors have developed a palladium‐nickel alloy electroplating process that can plate alloys of varying composition (10–50 w % Ni) at current densities ranging from <5 mA/cm to >500 mA/cm. This process produces specular, hard and ductile deposits up to a thickness of ‐25 ?m. The new palladium‐nickel alloy electroplating process is described with regard to its chemistry, operating conditions, bath maintenance and regeneration, diagnostic measures, and properties of the electrodeposits.

Different metals have been processed using laser‐based solid freeform fabrication (SFF) processes but very little work has been published on the selective laser melting (SLM) of gold (Au). The purpose of this paper is to check the properties of gold powder and identify suitable processing parameters for SLM of 24 carat gold powder.

A full factorial approach was used to vary the processing parameters and identify suitable processing region for gold powder. The effects of laser processing parameters on the internal porosity of the multi‐layer parts were examined.

The gold powder was found to be cohesive in nature with apparent and tap densities of 9.3 and 10.36 g/cm³, respectively. The reflectance of gold powder was found to be 85 per cent in the infrared range. A very narrow good melting region was identified for gold powder. The balling phenomenon was observed at both low and high scan speeds. The size of droplets in the balling region tended to increase with increasing laser power and decreasing scan speeds. The porosity in gold multi‐layer parts was found to be the minimum for a laser power of 50 W and scan speed of 65 mm/s where most of the porosity was found to be inter‐layer porosity.

This research is the first of its kind directly processing 24 carat gold using SLM, identifying the suitable processing parameters and its effect on the internal porosity and structure of multi‐layer parts.

It has been the custom for many years to preserve foodstuffs by drying, smoking, salting and pickling, and by the addition of sugar. The more modern methods include pasteurisation, sterilisation by heat or other means, refrigeration and the addition of chemical substances having an antiseptic action to a greater or less degree.

By no means a city‐lover, and indeed considerably more at home in the heart of the country, I thoroughly enjoyed the recent opportunity to visit Engelhard's Cinderford facility and appreciated en route some of the luxuriantly leafy and verdant scenery of the Wye Valley and Forest of Dean. The village of Cinderford nestles at the foot of densely tree‐clad slopes; sheep graze calmly in the neighbourhood, even venturing among the industrial sites.

The winding, climbing roads of North Derbyshire still bore traces of the year's early snowfall, with mud‐splashed, hard‐packed drifts remaining by the roadside, when Circuit World visited LeaRonal on the outskirts of Buxton in December. At 1007 feet, Buxton is one of the highest towns in England. A spa and holiday resort, it is situated in the picturesque Peak District with its characteristic rocky crags, rugged moorlands and wooded dales. Britain's first national park—the Peak District National Park—covers some 540 square miles and it is at the edge of this leisure area that LeaRonal's High Peak Laboratories facility is located.

RUSSIA Study of the corrosion resistance of sheet iron. This has been investigated in relation to the requirements of standard TU MsKhM 282–53, in accordance with which, in an atmosphere free from aggressive gases, it is 2½ to 3½ times greater than that of roofing sheet iron as per standard (GOST) 1393–47, containing (%) 0.15 Cu, 0.20 Ni and 0.12 Cr, as shown by gravimetric tests. In an aggressive industrial atmosphere resistance of both steel and iron is, of course, much less, and with iron much more so than with steel. In such cases there is little difference between the TU iron and the GOST roofing iron. Structure has little effect; ferritic, pearlitic and ferrito‐pearlitic are all about the same. Increase of phosphorus content up to 0.3 to 0.6% increases resistance by about 10%; and the effect is still greater (about 25%) with increased sulphur up to 0.23% or copper up to 0.2%. On the other hand, aluminium addition of 0.5 to 1.0% lowers resistance (15 to 30%). Results of some long period corrosion tests are recorded—up to four years. Changes in electrode potentials with time are also discussed. Seventeen references.—(A. S. Afanas'ev et al., Zh. prikladn. Khim., 1959, 32 (9), 2046–56.)

Corporate Strategy; Strategy.

Post-graduate; Executive education; Under-graduate.

The case is based on Titan Company Limited (Titan), one of India’s profitable diversified companies. Set in April 2020, the case presents the evolution of Titan’s growth strategy in the last three decades. The company had grown by continuously exploring adjacent categories in the personal lifestyle space. The case asks whether the strategy that has guided Titan for the past three decades would continue to provide growth. What changes, if any, should be made by C.K. Venkataraman—the new CEO who had taken charge a few months back in October 2019—and his team?

The case describes Titan’s evolution from 1987 to 2020. ‘Winning times’, the first section of the case, describes Titan’s early choices in the watches business that helped the company achieve market dominance and its successive choices to expand the scope of watches businesses by entering new adjacencies. The section also details the evolution of Titan’s design, manufacturing, marketing and retailing capabilities in early years. ‘Looking for another gem’ describes Titan’s venture into the jewellery business – the failure of its early attempts to export and its pivot to domestic market and the successful turnaround of the business. ‘On the fast track to growth’ deals with Titan’s accessories business. The section ‘Eyeing new businesses’ describes Titan’s foray into prescription eyewear and precision engineering businesses and the company’s performance in these businesses. ‘A new identity’ details Titan’s adoption of a distinct corporate identity in 2013. ‘New businesses’ provides information on Titan’s recent foray into fragrances and sarees business. The case ends with the section ‘Years ahead’ which asks what changes, if any, should be made by the leadership team.

Upon completion of the case study discussion, participants will be able to: understand the concept of the ‘core competence’ and the three tests of core competence; how core competencies evolve in an organization over time; diversification (growth) strategy based on core competencies and adjacencies; and key managerial choices and organizational processes required to ensure effectiveness of diversification strategy based on core competencies.

Teaching notes are available for educators only.

CSS 11: Strategy.

Although rabbinic literature is often divided into the “legal” and the “homiletical,” material classified under the latter category includes many important reflections on law and on legal action. This chapter centers on an extended passage in the homiletical work Leviticus Rabba. I argue that the passage conveys an implicit awareness of the dynamics of legal fiction and legal agency in the face of an unjust law.