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When we take the lens of race, ethnicity, gender, and class to the collected academic work on women business owners, what does it reveal? What do we really know? Are there differing definitions of success across segments of the women businessowner demographics? Do the challenges faced by African American women entrepreneurs differ from those confronting white female entrepreneurs? Do immigrant female women businessowners face more significant institutional barriers than their counterparts who have been U.S. citizens for at least two generations? Are there similar reasons for starting their businesses?

The Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) embodies standards of existing international maritime labour conventions and recommendations, as well as the fundamental principles to be found in other international labour conventions. The aim of the convention is to address the employment standards of seafarers in the areas of fair wages, contractual terms, working and living conditions, as well as their health and safety on board ships. The purpose of this paper is to provide an in-depth study of MLC Regulation 3.1, specifically on the layout design of the accommodation spaces and possible solutions to meet the new demands as those will certainly affect the crew comfort, health and well-being on board ships.

The approach used includes a review of pre- and post-MLC conventions and regulations. This is then followed by looking at the impact of MLC Regulation 3.1 on new ship design. Possible solutions for new ship design are then proposed.

The findings from the paper were as follows: More flexibility in the form of non-mandatory guidelines and substantial equivalence under MLC. Under MLC, only Special Purpose Ship (SPS) is allowed to accommodate four persons in one room. The requirement for increased height and floor spaces would result in increased gross register tons (GT) for post-MLC built vessels. Impact due to post-MLC requirements would be more unfavourable for the design of smaller vessels below 500 GT than of bigger vessels of up to less than 3,000 GT. Possible solutions include applying for exemptions and substantial equivalents with flag states or registering with a non-ratifying flag state.

This paper has been based on a dissertation carried out for the partial fulfilment of a post-graduate degree. It has not been published in any journal.

This article compares the experiences of small firms in the U.K. and Malaysia and assesses whether public and private sector financial initiatives in the two countries have reduced the existence of the "finance gap" thought to prevail in both.

This article describes a research project answering the question "Can advanced information systems, such as expert knowledge-based systems help in business strategy formulation?"

This article examines the influence of culture and socioeconomic variables on national invention.

Researchers have found that a firm's external environment plays a profound role in influencing corporate entrepreneurship.

This article presents an alternative perspective on the nature and function of the firm.

This exploratory study investigates causes and consequences of internationalization launched by new ventures.

This article attempts to behin to assess the issues facing small businesses, and how human resource management can be integrated as a small business grows.

This article examines the professional development of entrepreneurs. It describes how cognitive mapping tools drawn from knowledge engineering can be employed to help entrepreneurs both to make decisions and to grow professionally.