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Critical impediments for women in leadership positions, both in the corporate and educational sector, continue to block progress. Identifies barriers to success from a socio‐cultural and psychological perspective, such as sex‐role stereotyping, few female role models, and societal attitudes towards women as leaders. Barriers impeding success are procrastination, lack of acceptance, and “it′s a man′s world” attitude. University personnel planning leadership training programmes must consider the needs stated by respondents to this survey and offer seminars based on their specific requests. Requested programmes included: effective communication skills, stress management, time management, problem solving, team building, public speaking, supervisory skills, organisational politics, human relations skills, and self‐esteem building.

Career Orientations in Women Volume 44 No. 9 of Human Relations includes an article by Millicent E. Poole, Janice Langan‐Fox and Mary Omodel entitled “Career Orientations in Women from Rural and Urban Backgrounds.”

With a history of social and political marginalisation, mobile populations are most deprived of access to adequate health service provision. While they have undergone sociopolitical changes that bring them closer to mainstream health provision, their perception of the available health provision is still rarely sought by policy makers. This paper addresses these gaps by exploring the perceptions that Bedouin women have of reproductive health services in the Bekaa valley of Lebanon. Historically at the margins of health policy making, Bedouin populations in Lebanon have recently been facing significant sociopolitical changes to their ways of life that affect their perceptions of access and use of health services. In the past 40 years, the Bedouin have gradually settled in informal permanent or quasi‐permanent settlements and engaged with modernised sedentary modes of living overlapping with their own. Their entitlements to social provision and political participation were also renegotiated in the post‐conflict political era (post‐1990) through an inconsistent naturalisation process managed by dominant political players. These changes have been significant in reshaping the positioning of the Bedouin as a social group in the broader Lebanese society. Against this backdrop, the paper asks the following question: How do women negotiate their reproductive health issues in relation to the dominant Lebanese mixed‐provider health model? The paper argues that Bedouin women's perceptions of, and engagement with, the health system are hindered more by the inconsistencies and shortfalls of the health system than by any specific barriers stemming from their ways of life. Their access and use of health services are underpinned by institutional discrimination against their ethnic group at various levels of health provision.

This chapter explores the potential economic advantages and disadvantages of reusable plastic containers (RPCs) in the transport of fresh produce from growers to retail stores. The empirical research linking packaging to quantifiable economic and social benefits is reviewed. This study answers the question – what are the economic and social impacts of increased standardization of bulk packaging in the North American fresh produce supply chains? Implications for the potential use of RPCs and its impact on sustainability are explored.

The chapter describes data from grocery retailers who have implemented both one-way and reusable plastic containers for fresh produce distribution. A Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TD-ABC) analysis was conducted to capture and evaluate process times and product damage associated with the typical deployment of bulk containers in the grocery retailers’ distribution centers (DC), retail stores, and asset recovery centers of the supply chain. Economic measures were implemented and together with the social dimensions provided insights about sustainability-based implications.

Fresh produce shipments using the RPC technology had significantly less waste and damage representing potential social and economic benefits. The empirical findings included results about the economic impact of RPCs on the sustainability level of a typical supply chain for fresh food products.

The quantification of the economic and potential social sustainability for the explored packaging types constitutes an important contribution. Much of the previous research did not contain comprehensive assessments. The impact of technological change – the introduction and use of RPC in packaging – is examined. In addition, the supply chain scope for this research included most of the major activities that involve the packaging of fresh produce commodities in its practical dynamics.

All items listed may be borrowed from the Aslib Library, except those marked *, which may be consulted in the Library.

This issue is a selected bibliography covering the subject of leadership.

Women constitute only approximately 3‐5 per cent of Australian senior managers. One possible explanation of their failure to enter senior management in greater numbers is that women in management may have differing perceptions of the necessary prerequisites for promotion to senior roles. This study explored this possibility with 351 male and 156 female Australian middle managers, whose views were contrasted with senior managers’ perceptions. Gender differences in perception were found between middle managers and middle and senior managers in terms of the importance placed on personal qualities such as attractiveness, deference to superiors, likeability, personality, popularity and powerful allies (perceived charisma) as attributes considered necessary for achieving senior management promotion. In particular, female middle managers believed more strongly than their male counterparts, that senior managers would value the personal qualities encompassed in perceived charisma when considering middle managers for further promotion. However, senior managers did not consider this group of attributes to be important in promotion‐seeking behaviour.

In this chapter, we have proposed that an important approach to understanding occupational stress and well-being among racial and ethnic minority workers is to integrate the occupational health disparities paradigm into work stress research. As such, the current chapter provides a state-of-the-art review of the existing literature on occupational health disparities for Latinos, Asian Americans, and African Americans. Each of the three sections has highlighted the unique occupational health problems encountered by the specific racial and ethnic group as well as the research and policy gaps. We end with a series of recommendations for future research.

Increasing numbers of women are entering Chartered Accountancy. Focuses on the Scottish perspective exploring recruitment, examination performance and career progress. No discernable gender differences were found in recruitment and early career structure, although women do perform better in the examination process. However, at senior manager and particularly partner levels differences do arise. Examines by way of a case‐study approach, interviewing all the women partners in the “big six” Scottish offices, why so few reach the top. Also analyses their personal profiles in an attempt to construct role models for women who aspire to this level. Women choose to opt out of the top, prioritizing and balancing their lifestyles in a different manner to men. The barrier is there‐fore one of choice, although some form of discrimination was mentioned by two‐thirds of the women. The observations within the six firms were also different, suggesting that varying attitudes had been experienced.