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We study changes in age-specific diabetes-related mortality and annual health care utilization. We find that half of the estimated 16% increase of diabetic mortality falls within employable age groups. We estimate that disease combination-specific increase in case fatality has resulted in premature diabetic mortality costing $3.2 billion annually. The estimated annual direct cost of treating high-risk diabetics reaches $36 billion, of which Medicare and Other Federal Programs compensate 54%. Respiratory conditions among diabetics comprise the same proportion of high-risk diabetics as do the disease combinations including coronary heart diseases. Treating of general diabetic conditions has become more efficient as indicated by the estimated declines in per unit health care costs.

Where is the Life we have lost in living?Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge?Where is the knowledge we have lost in information? Thomas Stearns Eliot.This book is a collection of multi-author contributed research devoted to exploring the synergy of new science-based health-risks approaches, innovative information technologies, and innovation in outcomes research. Time and again we find evidence that logistics of health care delivery calls for innovative approaches in every aspect of intervention, prevention, discovery, and insurance. Without transparency and real-time availability of adequate, multipurpose, reliable, health-risks and outcomes data, the needs of consumer safety, disease management, regulatory research, and targeted discovery will remain poorly equipped for either individual health system quality assurance or nation-wide decision-making. Each chapter in this collection strives to create knowledge by creating adequate data and advancing, at least, one step forward in the relevant field.

The study considers annual health care utilization and costs associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the autoimmune disease syndrome (AIDS) complex by applying the previously developed disease and disease combination-specific cost of illness methodology. This study documents changes in age-specific mortality rates indicating the decline in age groups “20–39”. We estimate annual economic losses resulting from twenty-four HIV/AIDS-related diseases among the U.S. population to be $18.2 billion. This estimate includes direct medical cost of almost $9.2 billion, 80% of which is compensated by Medicaid. We demonstrate that an add-on therapy with additional mean cost of $7,100 per person per year would be justifiable if it could reduce the risk of progression to AIDS by 19%.

This study proposes targeted modernization of the Department of Defense (DoD's) Joint Forces Ammunition Logistics information system by implementing the optimized innovative information technology open architecture design and integrating Radio Frequency Identification Device data technologies and real-time optimization and control mechanisms as the critical technology components of the solution. The innovative information technology, which pursues the focused logistics, will be deployed in 36 months at the estimated cost of $568 million in constant dollars. We estimate that the Systems, Applications, Products (SAP)-based enterprise integration solution that the Army currently pursues will cost another $1.5 billion through the year 2014; however, it is unlikely to deliver the intended technical capabilities.

This chapter proposes an optimized innovative information technology as a means for achieving operational functionalities of real-time portable electronic health records, system interoperability, longitudinal health-risks research cohort and surveillance of adverse events infrastructure, and clinical, genome regions – disease and interventional prevention infrastructure. In application to the Dod-VA (Department of Defense and Veteran's Administration) health information systems, the proposed modernization can be carried out as an “add-on” expansion (estimated at $288 million in constant dollars) or as a “stand-alone” innovative information technology system (estimated at $489.7 million), and either solution will prototype an infrastructure for nation-wide health information systems interoperability, portable real-time electronic health records (EHRs), adverse events surveillance, and interventional prevention based on targeted single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) discovery.