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Les mutations importantes observées depuis une quinzaine d'années dans tous les domaines de la vie se reflètent dans le tourisme, ses services et ses produits. De nouvelles formes de vacances, de voyages et de loisirs émergent et prennent le pas sur les types les plus classiques. Face à cette montée de nouvelles conceptions, dont le tourisme alternatif est devenu le symbole le plus évident, se font entendre ceux qui estiment qu'il ne faut plus considérer le patrimoine de manière élitiste, qu'il existe de nouvelles formes de patrimoine à protéger, mettre en valeur et montrer aux touristes et aux populations.

The prevalent literature considers interlocking directorates as a mechanisms of cooperation among companies, but if the same director seats on the boards of two companies that are in competition, interlocking directorates, matching cooperation with competition, become a coopetition mechanism. This article aims to argue that the analysis of both the structure and the evolution of interlocking directorates provides some relevant insights on the driving forces behind the coopetition among firms.

Through a longitudinal study the authors analyzed relations among Italian listed firms belonging to financial or manufacturing sectors and traced the evolution networks of interlocking directorates among them. They then analyzed the coopetitive nature of interlocking directorates among firms acting in the same sector that are in direct competition and their impact on M&A processes.

It was evidenced that interlocking directorates among firms belonged to the same industry could be considered a coopetitive mechanism if they facilitate formation of deeper relations among competitors such as their integration through M&A.

This article offers a new perspective of analysis in interlocking directorates' field of research.

Interrelations of writings in a complex field such as studies of science, technology and society, turn out to be highly patterned when data on author co‐citations are statistically analysed and mapped. For both authors and specialities, the maps reveal structures of subject matter and intellectual impact, based on the perceptions of hundreds of citers since 1972. A new tool thus is available to historians and others concerned with a field's intellectual development.

DURING the three years I have attended the meetings of this branch association, papers of so interesting a character have been read that I am well aware of the difficulty each paper reader must have in keeping up the standard. But as my subject seems a good one, you may be inclined to overlook an indifferent treatment of it.

This paper outlines some of the pitfalls associated with the efficient management of beds using a case study in Preston. The value of follow‐up studies is reviewed and the importance of management drive to secure changes in practice is stressed. External factors, such as the control of overall bed numbers, appear to result in greater changes and improvements in effective use than prolonged investigation and negotiation with the consultants involved.

The final report of the Departmental Committee on the Production and Distribution of Milk was issued on January 2nd. It is pointed out that the importance of pure milk in securing health for the nation's children is still insufficiently recognized, and that few people realize how far we are from attaining not only an adequate supply, but a pure supply, or the inherent difficulties in securing both at a price within the reach of the poorest consumer.—High prices designed to maintain production during the war, it is stated, have checked consumption and offer no permanent solution to the problems before the dairying industry. The committee have appreciated from the first that it is not high prices that the farmer requires or desires, but a reasonable profit on a very arduous industry; and that by steady development on the lines of advanced and scientific agricultural knowledge production can be increased and its cost greatly diminished, prices lowered, and reasonable profits maintained. The recommendations of the Committee are interesting and important. Under the heading of national policy it is submitted that the aims of an enlightened milk policy should be to bring about the utmost possible economy in production in order that the consumption of milk may be increased to the desired level; that an adequate supply of milk may be brought within the reach of the poorest families, that the hygienic quality of milk should be improved; that the total supply should be increased in order to meet the extended consumption1 that should follow improved quality and the education of the public with regard to the nutritive properties of milk, and that the exploitation of the producer or the consumer by any trust or combination, either of a provincial, national, or international character, should be prevented. In regard to education and research it is suggested that the development of research in dairying should be assisted to the fullest extent; that provision should be made for adequate itinerant instruction in every county with regard to the production, management, and utilization of milk, that longer and better proportioned courses of training should be provided for teachers of dairying; that educational centres should demonstrate the best method of farm and dairy practice; and that courses of instruction in dairy factory management should be provided. It is also proposed that further instruction should be provided for farmers and herdsmen as to the best methods of feeding and management of dairy herds and of handling milk intended for human consumption, and that further financial assistance should be given to dairy research institutes to enable them to carry out investigations into the efficacy of milking machines. To attain a reduction in the cost of production of milk it is proposed that systems of herd management should be improved ; only bulls of a good milking strain should be used; economical and scientific feeding of dairy cattle should be studied; pastures should be improved by suitable manuring; the practice of co‐operative purchase should be developed; and a suitable system of account‐keeping adopted. The keeping of milk records is advocated, and for this purpose it is submitted that the staff of the Board of Agriculture should be increased so as to facilitate the formation of new milk record societies, that courses of training should be provided for intending milk recorders, and that the information collected by the milk recording societies should be analysed by the agricultural colleges and the results published in a simple and concise form.

This chapter is about the production, diffusion and use of knowledge seen in an economic perspective. Fundamental distinctions between tacit and explicit knowledge and between know-how, know-why, know-what and know-who are related to distinctions between public/private and local/global knowledge. It is argued that the idea of the economy as being knowledge based is misleading and that we have moved into a learning economy where interactive learning is a key to economic performance of firms, regions and nations. This is one reason why a narrow economic perspective is insufficient. When it comes to understand industrial dynamics in the learning economy it is necessary to bring in other disciplines than economics in the analysis.

States that the participation of men and women in the German academic and scientific system is unequally distributed. Shows that the higher the status at the university, the lower the female proportion and that women also choose different subjects to men. Asks why more men choose science and engineering and what social cognitive characteristics do women show who opt for a “male” subject. Presents the theoretical background to the above before providing some insights using surveys carried out in Germany.