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A thoroughly literature review reveals that considerable attention have been given only to the two common cases, i.e. enclosure heated from below and heated from the side. For the inclined layer, on the other hand, the numbers of investigations are relatively small. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the natural convective heat transfer in an inclined porous cavity using non-Darcian flow model, including the boundary surface and inertia effects.

The flow characteristics have been assumed to be two-dimensional, steady, incompressible flow, whereas the properties of porous media have been considered to be homogeneous and isotropic properties solid matrix. The non-Darcian flow model, including the boundary surface and inertia effects, has been numerically solved using finite difference method.

The initiation of multicellular flow and counter-rotating cell are strongly dependent on the aspect ratio A and the inclination angle θ. The orientation of the porous cavity, for a given Ra*, Fs/Pr* and A, has a significant effect on the heat transfer rate. The results also indicated that A has a dominant effect on the Nusselt number. The Nusselt number is strongly dependent on the Ra*, Fs/Pr*, A and θ. Therefore, operating conditions and geometry of the porous enclosure are required to be properly designed to achieve the desired objective.

The developed model can reveal the non-Darcian effects on the fluid flow and heat transfer in inclined porous media under natural convection case.

The purpose of the paper is to showcase the significant achievements of Egypt's scientists in the 20th century across various fields of study such as medicine, physics, chemistry, biology, math, geology, astronomy and engineering. The paper highlights the struggles and successes of these scientists, as well as the cultural, social and political factors that influenced their lives and work. The aim is to inspire young people to pursue careers in science and make their own contributions to society by presenting these scientists as role models for hard work and dedication. Ultimately, the paper seeks to promote the importance of science and its impact on society.

The purpose of this review is to present the scientific biographies of Egypt's most distinguished scientists, primarily in the field of Natural Sciences, in a balanced and comprehensive manner. The work is objective, honest and abstract, avoiding any bias or exaggeration. The author provides a clear and concise methodology, including a brief introduction to the scientist and their field of study, an explanation of their major contributions, the impact of their work on society, any challenges or obstacles faced during their career and their lasting legacy. The aim is to showcase the important achievements of these scientists, their impact on their respective fields and to inspire future generations to pursue scientific careers.

The group of outstanding scientists in 20th century Egypt were shaped by various factors, including familial upbringing, education, society, political and cultural atmosphere and state support for scientific research. These scientists made significant contributions to various academic disciplines, including medicine, physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics and engineering. Their impact on their communities and cultures has received international acclaim, making them role models for future generations of scientists and researchers. The history of these scientists highlights the importance of educational investments and supporting scientific research to foster innovation and social progress. The encyclopedia serves as a useful tool for students, instructors and education professionals, preserving Egypt's scientific heritage and honouring the scientists' outstanding accomplishments.

The encyclopedia preserves Egypt's scientific heritage, which has been overlooked for political or other reasons. It is a useful tool for a variety of readers, including students, instructors and education professionals, and it offers insights into universally relevant scientific success factors as well as scientific research methodologies. The encyclopedia honours the outstanding scientific accomplishments of Egyptian researchers and their contributions to the world's scientific community.

The practical implications of this paper are several. First, it highlights the importance of education, family upbringing and societal support for scientific research in fostering innovation and social progress. Second, it underscores the need for continued funding and support for scientific research to maintain and build upon the accomplishments of past generations of scientists. Third, it encourages young people to pursue scientific careers and make their own contributions to society. Fourth, it preserves the scientific heritage of Egypt and honors the contributions of its outstanding scientists. Finally, it serves as a useful tool for students, instructors and education professionals seeking to understand the factors underlying scientific success and research methodologies.

The social implications of the paper include promoting national pride and cultural identity, raising awareness of the importance of education and scientific research in driving social progress, inspiring future generations of scientists and researchers, reducing socioeconomic disparities and emphasizing the role of society, politics and culture in shaping scientific researchers' personalities and interests.

The paper's originality/value lies in its comprehensive documentation of the scientific biographies of Egypt's most prominent scientists in the 20th century, providing unique insights into the factors that contributed to their development and their impact across various academic disciplines. It preserves Egypt's scientific heritage and inspires future generations of scientists and researchers through the promotion of educational investments and scientific research. The encyclopedia serves as a useful tool for education professionals seeking to understand scientific success factors and research methodologies, emphasizing the importance of supportive and inclusive environments for scientific development.

Real estate is one of the fundamental growth engines for developing economies as it contributes urbanization and infrastructure development. In recent years, Somalia has witnessed massive real estate development in both housing and commercial buildings. The purpose of this study is twofold. First, the study examines the determinants of residential property rents. Second, it investigates whether residential property rents are fairly valued.

This study uses two-stage modeling. A hedonic regression model is used in the first stage, while an artificial neural network is applied in the second stage.

After analysis, this study established that size, location and security of a residential property have a significant influence on its monthly rents. Alternatively, the study identified that residential property rents are not fairly valued in Mogadishu and overvaluation is more frequent than undervaluation.

This implies that Somalia’s real estate industry is more speculative-driven than real demand-driven. Though Somali real estate is an infant industry with huge potentials in the long run, it may end up disastrously following the well-known bubble-then-burst behavior. To avoid such crisis, this study recommends formulating government policies that regulates, supervises and protects the infant real estate industry without undermining the needs of the poor and low-income citizens.