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A Review essay on Tatsuya Sakamoto and Hideo Tanaka (Eds), The Rise of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment, London: Routledge, 2003 pp. xii+215. ISBN 041529648X £60.00. This volume is composed of thirteen short but concentrated essays and an introduction on the rise of political economy in the Scottish Enlightenment, each written by a distinguished Japanese scholar. Although the contributors are engaged in international scholarly activities, the volume devotes one chapter to “Adam Smith in Japan” and elsewhere draws attention to scholarly interpretations of Smith in the “West.” Both suggest that the perspective, whilst linked directly to international scholarly discussion through modern works consulted and themes identified in earlier literature (the edited volume by Hont and Ignatieff (1983) being cited, amongst others, as historically significant for the development of the approach set out in the collection), carries insights that arise out of earlier but sustained Japanese interest in the notion of social and cultural modernization and reform. It is perhaps also in this context that they hit on the centrality of the issue of “manners,” shorthand for morals, values, political behaviour, economic motivation and so on. Tatsuya Sakamoto makes this notion of “manners” explicit in his interesting chapter on Hume (p. 92) and Shoji Tanaka makes central the formation of free individuals liberated from feudalism and “religious delusions” (p. 134).

Although the decision‐making problem at the lower level is generally well‐defined, the decision‐making problem at the higher level would not contain the detail. Much of decision‐making at the higher level might take place in a fuzzy environment, so that it is only necessary to decide roughly what actions, what states and what parameters should be considered. This paper deals with the higher level problem in which we can regard the elements‐states of nature, feasible actions and available information‐as fuzzy objects. Since the uncertainty of meaning of objects is represented by the fuzzy sets and the uncertainty of occurrence of objects is defined by the probability, a specific formulation of the higher level decision problem can be defined by the probability of fuzzy events. From the same aspect, the definitions of worth, entropy and quantity concerning fuzzy information are given in this paper, and we have tried to extend some of the statistical decision theory to the fuzzy decision problem. To explain our formulation, an investment problem is presented as an example.

The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive review on development and future trends in zinc oxide thin film transistors (ZnO TFTs). This paper presents the development of TFT technology starting from amorphous silicon, poly-Si to ZnO TFTs. This paper also discusses about transport and device modeling of ZnO TFT and provides a comparative analysis with other TFTs on the basis of performance parameters.

It highlights the need of high–k dielectrics for low leakage and low threshold voltage in ZnO TFTs. This paper also explains the effect of grain boundaries, trap densities and threshold voltage shift on the performance of ZnO TFT. Moreover, it also addresses the challenges like requirement of stable p-type ZnO semiconductor for various electronic applications and high value of ZnO mobility to meet growing demand of high-definition light emitting diode TV (HD-LED TV).

This review will motivate the readers to further investigate the conduction mechanism, best alternate for gate-dielectric and the deposition technique optimization for the enhancement of the performance of ZnO TFTs.

This is a literature review. The technological evolution of TFT in general and ZnO TFT in particular is presented in this paper.