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Electrical testing of PCBs is important to ensure the maintenance of adequate insulation between tracks and from side to side of the boards; the properties of the base materials should not be degraded below an acceptable level before boards are loaded with components. The paper describes testing methods relating to resistance, voltage clearance, capacitance, inductance, insulation resistance, volume resistivity, dielectric measurements, Q factor, and DC resistance of tracks and holes.

The 7th Annual Symposium of the Institute was held this year on Wednesday and Thursday, the 6th and 7th of May to avoid clashing with the Second Printed Circuit World Convention scheduled to be held in Munich during June.

INTERNEPCON 80 On Tuesday, October 14th, the ICT, in conjunction with the printed circuit group of the IMF, is holding a two hour technical session. The venue will be a Lecture Hall at the Brighton Centre and the meeting will commence at 6.00 p.m. The event will comprise a simple programme of three or four informal talks given by PC specialists on topical matters. John Scarlett is expected to give a discourse on practical design matters; Henry Manfield is expected to give us an insight into the subjects which will be covered by the papers of the Second World Convention next year in Munich, whilst Joe Radley will tell us about some interesting aspects of machine tool design as applied to the PC Industry.

Previous attendance records were broken this year as 1,534 delegates, representing 19 countries, gathered together for Printed Circuit World Convention III from May 22–25, 1984 in Washington, DC.

At the Extraordinary General Meeting of the Institute of Circuit Technology held on Tuesday, 20th November 1979, a resolution was passed which allowed companies trading in the circuit technology industry to become affiliated to the Institute. To mark that historical decision the Council decided to organise a trade exhibition to be held concurrently with the Annual Symposium, Brunel 80.

The Annual General Meeting was held on Wednesday, 8th June at Brunei University Uxbridge as planned, being attended by some 40 members. This year no Brunei symposium had been arranged in line with an agreement with other representative bodies that Circuit Technology '83 should act as the industries principle attraction. In the event the symposium arranged to support Circuit Technology '83 in April was poorly supported, although the exhibition itself was considered a success. A motion was passed regretting the cancellation of the 1983 Brunei symposium. After the AGM members dined followed by informal discussions at the bar.

Multilayer boards for high‐speed digital applications are no longer solely substrates for the electrical interconnections needed but play an active role regarding the overall performance of electronic assemblies. In the general part of this paper all the important parameters regarding achievable impedances and their tolerances are discussed in detail. The second part is concerned with the practical realisation of Microwave Theory on a selected example of a high‐speed MLB.

The Association held their Open Inaugural Meeting at Caxton Hall, London, on Tuesday, 19th March 1974, and as such was exceptionally well attended by both members and non‐members.

The purpose of this paper is to examine competing assumptions about the nature of resilience and selects those most appropriate for an entrepreneurial context. Assumptions are integrated into a theoretical framework highlighting how different threats require different resilience responses. Overall organizational resilience results from a portfolio of resilience capabilities.

Akin to theoretical sampling, the authors identify various theoretical insights about resilience across three disciplines of psychology, ecology and engineering. The authors use these insights to distill competing assumptions about what resilience is and evaluate those most appropriate for entrepreneurial contexts. Existing resilience literature in organization science is critiqued in terms of underlying assumptions and an alternative theoretical framework proposed based on more robust assumptions.

Other disciplines point to resilience being a process that differs for different threats and as either bouncing back, absorbing shocks or bouncing forward. When imported into entrepreneurship these characteristics lead to a conceptualization of resilience as being enacted through a capability portfolio. A routine-based capability response is preferred when threats are familiar, simple, not severe and frequent, following minimal disorganization and where resource slack is available. In contrast, heuristics-based capabilities are preferred when threats are unfamiliar, complex, severe and infrequent, following serious disorganization and where resource slack is unavailable. An absorption threshold point identifies when organizations need to switch from routine-based to heuristics-based resilience capabilities.

Building resilience across a range of adverse situations requires firms to develop a portfolio of resilience capabilities. Firms must learn to match the capability required for the specific threat profile faced. This includes a mix of routinized responses for returning to stability but also more flexible, heuristics-based responses for strategic reconfiguration.

The paper undertakes a first of its kind cross-disciplinary conceptual analysis at the level of identifying competing assumptions about the nature of resilience. These assumptions are found to be somewhat unconscious among organization researchers, limiting the conceptual development of resilience in entrepreneurship. The authors contribute a theoretical framework based on explicit and robust assumptions, enabling the field to advance conceptually.

During disturbances and unprecedented events, firms are required to be resilient to confront crises, recover from losses, and even capitalize on new opportunities. The aim of this paper is twofold: (1) to examine how different types of capabilities (routine, dynamic or ad hoc) steer an entrepreneurial firm into ecological, engineering and evolutionary resilience and (2) to identify strategic activities that are deployed by firms with different capabilities to achieve resilience.

Data were gathered using structured qualitative interviews with 26 entrepreneurial resilient firms that managed to survive a multitude of coinciding crises.

The findings show that each type of capability enhances the ability to achieve a specific resilience outcome: ad hoc capability for partial engineering resilience, routine capability for ecological resilience and dynamic capability for evolutionary resilience. Furthermore, ad hoc capabilities are shown to be favored when firms' losses are severe. In contrast, routine and dynamic capabilities are preferred when losses are mild. The most significant capability deployment activities related to building resilience are corporate strategic changes, global export strategy, cost reduction, stakeholder support, positive mindset, fund raising, network building, product development, efficiency improvement and restructuring. These activities are segregated based on capability and resilience types.

Practitioners are encouraged to cast off limiting assumptions and beliefs that firms are conditioned to fail when faced with unprecedented crises. This study provides an integrative portfolio of capabilities and activities as a toolbox that can be used by different entrepreneurs and policy makers to achieve resilience and better performance.

The paper undertakes a first of its kind empirical examination of the association between capabilities and resilience. The context is unique as it involves a multitude of coinciding crises including Covid-19 pandemic, city explosion, economic collapse, political instability and a severe banking crisis.