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Examines measures taken within the European Union framework in order to keep high standards of safety in maritime and air transport. Looks first at maritime transport and ways in which vessels are monitored, minimum safety requirements, the carriage of dangerous goods, pollution, port control, inspectors and their rights, ferry safety and oil tankers. Considers also navigational equipment, transfer of ownership, safe sea policy and the training of seafarers. Addresses similar aviation control including a single aviation market, air traffic control, technical requirements, congestion, accident procedures and liabilities. Suggests that despite the many rules, there is a lack of compliance, detection and enoforcement.

The legal ramifications of the bill of lading continued to develop in the nineteenth century in the American Law. The bill of lading and the implications of its issue began to be reported in many cases as early as the beginning of the 19th century. The leading cases of Delaware and Pollard v Vinton before the supreme court of the United States illustrate the position occupied by the bill of lading from its first steps in the world trade under the interpretation given by the American courts.

In carriage of goods by sea the contract of carriage is embodied either in charter parties or in bills of lading. A charter party is a contract between the charterer and the ship owner. The co‐existence of two (charter party and bill of lading) contractual documents has given rise to many problems concerning matters such as who is the carrier, the shipper or which is the contract of carriage itself.

Looks at the practice of stipulating in international contracts which country’s law should govern any disputes that arise, using a governing‐law clause. Considers the regulations relating to contractual matters of conflict of laws laid down by the 1980 Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations, which exclude bills of lading unless they are regarded as non‐negotiable instruments. Outlines the treatment of conflict of laws relating to bills of lading under Greek, US and English law, citing legal cases as examples, and reveals that in all three legal systems the choice of the applicable law, set out in the contract itself, is included in the bill of lading. Uncovers contradictions in the Greek and English approaches to the contractual role of bills of lading, and suggests that a uniform approach must be adopted, following the lead of US legislation, which clearly specifies that the bill of lading is the contract of carriage in which the choice of law is explicitly stated.

Individuals and organizations will exhaust all available gains from trade and the resulting allocation of resources will be efficient when allocation will reflect accurately society's opportunities and preferences – including preferences related to individuals' ethical standards. Which behaviours are ethical and which are unethical? International society due to globalization has to develop and establish common ethical principles of behaviour in social life taking into account religion and world civilization. The basic values of humans and life as creation have to be identical all over the world, which means that human behaviour should be similar all over the world. So, similar actions should be ethical or unethical similarly all over the world and principles established by different kinds of societies should not alter the basis of values of life and humanity.

Defines “insider trading” and looks at the effects of insider trading on an economy. Considers the factors which have caused legislation and the rationale behind insider trading. Compares the economic and financial approaches to the problem. Outlines the European, UK and US positions covering legislation, arguments, prohibitions and penalties. Cites important cases in the USA, which have caused changes in the law. Concludes that there is a need for standardization, together with better access to timely information but highlights that the markets require freedom within which to work effectively and accepts that there will always be an element of insider trading in any market.

Compares and contrasts the contractual roles of modern waybills against the traditional straight bills of lading in the context of Greek, US and English law. Chronicles the development of international lading bills; identifies the emergence of straight bills and waybills to ameliorate the logistical problems associated with order bills of lading. Discusses the legal status and contractual roles of these lading bills in the context the legislative provisions and associated case law in each of the three countries. Concludes that sea waybills (regulating marine transport of goods) and straight bills of lading have, in essence, the same contractual status, despite the confused and unconsolidated picture of international lading provisions and practices. Recommends measures ‐ involving amendments to English legislation ‐ to consolidate the regulation of international trade.

Refers to the history of the maritime sale of goods which resulted in a bill of lading, representing goods at sea in a ship. Attempts to determine whether or not a bill of lading is a negotiable instrument if it is characterized by such words as to order or to bearer. Compares US, Greek and English law and finds that English law is not in line with US and Greek law. Refers to the English Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA) 1992. Claims that differences in law may cause some problems for international trade and mentions the European Commission’s project to examine the feasibility of electronic bills of lading.

Discusses the Bill of Lading and its differences under UK, US and Greek law. Bases the paper on the fact that, under UK and US law, property in the goods sold passes from seller to buyer when the parties intend to pass it (regardless of whether or not delivery actually took place); whereas, under Greek law, ownership of goods passes from seller to buyer only if the intention to pass goods is supported by actual delivery. Asserts that this difference in national law causes problems in international trade. Explores the law in more depth, citing a number of cases and quoting legal precedents. Concludes that the intention of the parties concerned should be taken into consideration.