Search results

A relatively recent development in the history of social inequality is the growth of mass media communications. In developed and in underdeveloped nations, in highly stratified and in egalitarian societies, research documents the persistence of major disparities between different socioeconomic groups in their awareness of given topics. Despite the abundance of information available through a diversity of communication channels and information agencies in our nation, evidence points to the inability of major population sub‐groups to gather the appropriate types of information to cope with the most pressing information needs. These differences in information acquisition and in the ability to manage information seem to be related to differences in exposure to the mass media, which in turn appear to be strongly related to, or constrained by, differences in income, education, and other available socio‐economic resources.

There needs to be an increased recognition of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in services that deal with young people with disruptive and offending behavior, not just those services that deal with adolescents with a recognized intellectual disability. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

This is a general review of the current available evidence on FASD and how it is likely to predispose affected young people to have contact with secure mental health services and the criminal justice system.

FASD is likely to have become a more common cause of intellectual disability and behavioral disturbance but the history of significant alcohol exposure in utero if often missed. There is evidence that the hyperactivity is less responsive to psychotropic medication and may represent a different condition to conventional ADHD. However the majority of those affected are in the low normal IQ range.

There is so far very limited research in what is likely to be a relatively common disorder with significant costs to criminal justice, mental healthcare and social services. Epidemiological information from the UK is lacking and urgently needed.

Professionals who work with mentally disordered young people need to be more aware of FASD and its potential contribution to the problems and disabilities in their population.

Social workers, foster carers and adoptive parents need to be more aware of FASD and how it can contribute to the breakdown of social care.

There is currently no other review of FASD and the implications for criminal justice, secure mental health and social care for young people.

The purpose of this paper is study the peculiarities of environmental controlling in the context of the implementation of the sustainable development strategy and the systematization of methods, functions and tools, as well as consideration of the possibility of applying environmental controlling methods in the organization through the consideration of environmental costs.

The authors solved the following problems. The authors defined the essence of the concept of “environmental controlling;” conducted an analysis of methods, functions and instruments of environmental controlling; investigated the possibility of accounting for environmental costs as an instrument of environmental controlling; and systematized approaches of using the tool of accounting for environmental costs at enterprises.

The approaches to accounting for environmental costs differ in the degree of integration into the existing accounting system and in the frequency of accounts handling (one-time or regular). One-time solutions to accounting for environmental costs (e.g. environmental design calculations) are calculations conducted independently of traditional accounting. Their advantage lies in the fact that they can be formed and used without affecting the existing cost accounting system. However, they generate additional costs and generally receive less recognition than integrated solutions. Accounting for environmental costs is an integrated part of the existing and regularly conducted accounting system.

Accounting of environmental costs has broad prospects for use in enterprises as an environmental controlling instrument for the improvement of management efficiency and quality.

Accounting for environmental costs is necessary as an instrument of environmental controlling in order to obtain information on the enterprise interdependencies between costs, revenues, consumption of raw materials and energy as well as environmental protection measures. In addition, the consideration of environmental costs can serve companies as a source for the identification of the potential to reduce the cost of output products.