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In June 2002 the Government issued long‐awaited guidance on the use of restrictive physical interventions. The need for the guidance was recognised in the White Paper, Valuing People, and its publication is anticipated in both the recently published National Care Standards and the 1996 Education Act. It represents a clear and unambiguous commitment by government departments to work together to improve practice across a range of services for adults and children with learning disabilities and autistic spectrum disorders, and for pupils with a range of special educational needs. The guidance is particularly addressed to staff working with adults and children with learning disabilities (including those with autistic spectrum disorders) and to those in special school settings responsible for pupils with severe behavioural difficulties associated with learning difficulties and/or autistic spectrum disorders. It will also be relevant to staff in schools which make provision for pupils with severe emotional and behavioural difficulties. This article describes the development of the guidance, the areas of practice it covers and its implications for managers, professionals, staff working directly with service users and family carers. It will do this by attempting to answer six questions. Why do we need new guidance on the use of restrictive physical interventions? Who will be affected by the guidance? How was the guidance developed? What does the guidance say? What needs to be done to implement the guidance? What still needs to be done?

As interest in the “politics of education” continue to mount in the United States it becomes important to try to explicate the fundamental political ideology which continues to shape current developments in school finance in that country. In this article it is argued that there is an identifiable “democratic theory of school finance” and that the roots of this political theory can be found in the works of such “classical” authors as Aristotle, Thucydides, Thomas Jefferson, Alex de Tocqueville, Caleb Mills, and others. A body of current professional educational literature and some court opinions are then summarized and illustrations are provided to show that the basic political values of the “classical” authors are still very much present in the newer professional literature and in the court opinions. Finally a postscript is provided to bring the reader even closer to additional school finance literature in the United States. Students of the politics of education might be interested to learn that this was a bipartisan effort. Professors Hickrod and Hubbard are normally associated with the Democratic Party in the United States, while Professor Laymon customarily finds himself on the Republican side of the aisle. The article thus provides some evidence that there can be agreement on principles of democracy and constitutional government that transcends political party affiliation.

This chapter presents a case which illustrates how the external management consultant may function as an organizational anthropologist and provide insights and alternative strategies for human resource professionals and leadership faced with high toxicity levels. The long-term failure to timely detect toxins and intervene in a destructive conflict results in the spread of dysfunctional behavior in the case company, pointing to leadership negligence and malpractice. The deeply entrenched “no emotions allowed” culture evokes massive turnover and plunging motivation and productivity. The case concludes with specific recommendations for avoiding or repairing a toxic workplace culture.

Blues music is in the midst of its second revival in popularity in roughly thirty years. The year 1960 can be identified, with some qualification, as a reference point for the first rise in international awareness and appreciation of the blues. This first period of wide‐spread white interest in the blues continued until the early seventies, while the current revival began in the middle 1980s. During both periods a sizeable literature on the blues has appeared. This article provides a thumbnail sketch of the popularity of the blues, followed by a description of scholarly and critical literature devoted to the music. Documentary and instructional materials in audio and video formats are also discussed. Recommendations are made for library collections and a list of selected sources is included at the end of the article.

President Bill Clinton has had many opponents and enemies, most of whom come from the political right wing. Clinton supporters contend that these opponents, throughout the Clinton presidency, systematically have sought to undermine this president with the goal of bringing down his presidency and running him out of office; and that they have sought non‐electoral means to remove him from office, including Travelgate, the death of Deputy White House Counsel Vincent Foster, the Filegate controversy, and the Monica Lewinsky matter. This bibliography identifies these and other means by presenting citations about these individuals and organizations that have opposed Clinton. The bibliography is divided into five sections: General; “The conspiracy stream of conspiracy commerce”, a White House‐produced “report” presenting its view of a right‐wing conspiracy against the Clinton presidency; Funding; Conservative organizations; and Publishing/media. Many of the annotations note the links among these key players.

The relationship between patents and the pharmaceutical industry is both complex and important. While many believe that patents are manipulated by the pharmaceutical industry for its own economic ends, a historical approach to the utilization of patents combined with an analysis of current patent issues places this relationship in its proper context. Though patents were created long before the pharmaceutical industry reached its current status as a major industry in the United States, a historical, analytic approach shows that the pharmaceutical industry has adjusted to constantly evolving legislation enacted to provide the most effective and efficient system by which to research, invent, regulate and patent new medicines.

The University Council for Educational Administration (UCEA) is a principal producer of instructional simulations for preparing educational administrators. The most recent simulation product of the Council is the Monroe City Simulation, parts of which are currently being disseminated and other parts of which are still in various stages of planning and development. The authors describe in this article five generic issues which UCEA simulation developers have had to resolve and which continue to face others engaged in similar kinds of development work. The issues described include those of (1) the use of theoretical vs. empirical models, (2) realism, (3) bias, (4) complexity and (5) learning effects.

In recent years, guides to hiking trails and wilderness areas have enjoyed an increase in popularity. Here, Douglas J. Ernest and Lewis B. Herman evaluate more than 100 such books.