Packaging strategies: knowledge outlook on consumer buying behaviour

Abstract

Purpose

Packaging is a mantra for encountering a period of immense potential. It keeps on being seen as a key component in the buying decision, and also it is exhibited as a brand communication gadget that goes past the products and can interface with customers in both the physical and virtual forms. The research aspiration is to establish that the speculation of packaging approaches will influence on buyers’ purchasing mode. An attempt has been made to examine and present the results. This research facilitates to discern the perception of consumer in the direction of packaging strategies and to spot the power of packaging factors, elements and strategies of product packaging on purchasing mode of buyers.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from 836 respondents from the four major cities of two states in India through structure questionnaire. Every age of the respondents was targeted in the this study to get their perception and buying mode of them, and the analysis was done by using analysis of variance, correlation and regression analysis by using 23.0 version of SPSS.

Findings

The consequence of research reveals that media exposures, packaging strategies and elements have better influence on the buyers’ buying mode. Business people must produce innovative bundling designs for their items to market. These allow the keeping and catching the new and existed customers, because packaging has superior influence and also helps in acquiring and retaining the new consumers for their new products.

Research limitations/implications

This study being at micro level considered that the city customers may not be similar to the rural customers. Hence, the perception of rural and urban may not be much different. A sample size is 836 drawn from the four major cities of two states in India; therefore, the sample may not represent the whole population of India. Hence, the limitation of generalization will be there. The elicited opinion of consumers may not be reliable all the times, and study considered only some of FMCG products.

Originality/value

The study theme is to establish the theory as stated earlier, and it's proved consumers are considering the packaging styles and designs while purchasing the products, which promotes to meet the expectations of the present and potential customers.

Citation

Rambabu, L. and Porika, R. (2020), "Packaging strategies: knowledge outlook on consumer buying behaviour", Journal of Industry - University Collaboration, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIUC-10-2019-0017

1. Introduction

Product packaging works as a silent salesman because customers often make a psychological association with it. Customers have environmental concerns and may pick a product packaged in reused materials. Consistently expanding purchaser awareness coupled up with competitive rivalry is presenting advertisers with a fairly remarkable test – persistent packaging advancement. In the market, 90% of the customers purchase a product before checking background. Customers are stressing an extra enthusiasm for every rupee that they put in for an object. Packaging is one of the keys to the publication of attractive images, colours, symbols, articles and emblems have at a distance been the most intensive and important shipment linked between consumers and the brand owners. The Indian FMCG marketplace is relied upon to greater than twofold to $104 billion via 2020 from the prevailing $49 billion. The adaptable bundling industry in India is evaluated at $12–15 billion (out of the complete bundling commercial enterprise quarter of $30–35 billion) and is growing 15–17% in keeping with annum. The enlargement price is altogether equipped to boost up to nearly 20% for the period of a couple of years from now. Packaging item has developed to be an enterprise-promoting device for agencies in an uncommonly forceful commercial middle. The buying conduct of customers furthermore enlivened via amazing bundling, colour, wrapper and various highlights. It improves income, industrial centre quantity and brings down the prices of publicizing and showcasing and advancement. As indicated by (Rundh, 2005), the percent draws in the attention of customers greater like a specific whole upward thrust of their picture and invigorates the view of the customer around the object. Similarly, bundling passes on uncommon price to object (Underwood, 2003; Silayoi and Speece, 2007); it in reality fills in as partner affirmation equipment for separation and enables clients to determine the item from an extensive scope of parallel objects. A modern examination proposes on unmistakable components of bundling, and there has been an effect on supporter shopping performance (Ampuero and Vila, 2006; Bloch, 1995). Additionally, a couple of experts inspect the effect of bundling towards alternatives on client's entire purchase name although some others – on every development towards way of clients.

2. Current review of literature

Packaging requires excellent materials, use of the item and safety precautions and requires unique skills, such as attractive colours, graphics and photographs, to increase the quality of the product. Packaging is a marketing method that allows FMCG inventories to be branded in competitive markets. Routine Packaging is a systematic system for distributing products without problem and without redundancy (Sudha and Neeta, 2014). Packaging is one of the main components of pricing, structuring and promotion. A lot of shoppers would find a genuine, floor‐breaking package and raise people's expectations about purchasing items. Nice quality packaging with a great place in the mind of the consumer. It remains in the minds of customers along those lines that buyers want to look for the item even as a purchase, thus bundling forward self. The importance of packaging design as a tool for communication and branding is that of competitive markets for packaged food products. Visual package elements play a key role, representing the product for many consumers, especially with a low level of involvement and haste. Most consumers have shown that they use label information, but would like it to be simpler (Silayoi and Speece, 2004). A look at (Saeed et al., 2013) reveals that customers purchase more products after looking at a well branded product and that labeling has a direct effect on the consumer's purchasing behaviour; Behzad, (2014) shows that packaging and the position of various mediating factors, such as graphics, design and color, contribute to the success of branding and marketing; and Color is ubiquitous and a source of mediation; Individuals will be able to decide between 62‐90 percent of the test is based on colors in 90 seconds from their initial contact with either person or product. The intentional use of colors can also not only help to differentiate products from rivals, but can also influence moods and emotions–healthy, optimistic or negative–and thus help to increase or decrease the desire for colours, enhance mood, calm customers and reduce the time of awakening, among other things (Singh, 2006). Color affects customers' attitudes, feelings and behaviours. Advertisers must always take note of colors so that customers can perceive their products emotionally and physically (Labrecque and Saint Patrick, 2013). In this way, the business must be constantly engaged at the same time as the packaging coloring in order to have an effect on the customer's shopping activities and (Thomas, 2011) states that the packaging materials and wrappers on the territory contain giant elements in the packaging of the item; as the extra portion of the customer did not buy the goods due to the frightening packaging of the cloth. Thus, the packaging materials and wrappers are exquisitely excellent and thus have an effect on the selling of items. Baik et al. (2011) has explained that if a company designs an over ‐ the‐counter product with advanced factors and an excellent labeling effect on consumers who shop for practice, it may aim to achieve the highest magnificence. Since the most desirable people are those cantered consumers who might be more conscious of their self‐within society and, for that reason, want to be more vigilant on a regular basis when selecting any symbol or product. Noorani and Kodandarama Setty (2007) take a look at the research that manufacturers can make the right modifications to innovative packaging designs, enable the customer to complete the specifications and discriminate against rivals in the industry. Product innovation is concerned with a number of core elements for enhancing efficiency and quality. Because each person wants something new after a high quality time, and for that reason, companies typically retain changes in their packaging strategies and product types, colours, and flavours, in order to draw customers to the individual as a whole and to take a look at what has been accomplished (Rundh, 2005) describes the overall proportions and aims of and provides elegant promotions.

3. Objectives and hypothesis

The research hypotheses are framed from the objectives of the study. In accordance with the research framework and the priori associations developed by studies, hypotheses are developed to be examined in this study.

1. To evaluate effect of packaging factors by the demographic of the respondents.

2. To study the types of media exposure that influence on buying behaviour of consumers.

3. To assess the effect of packaging elements of the purchasing mode of buyers.

4. To appraise packaging strategies’ effectiveness towards creating a purchasing mode of consumer.

5. To inspect the buyer's perception towards packaging strategies of products.

• H1. There is no significant influence of media exposure on consumer purchase behaviour towards packaging of products.

• H2. There is no significant effect of packaging factors on consumer buying behaviour.

• H3. There is no significant impact of packaging elements on consumer in the case of buying behaviour.

• H4. There is no significant difference in consumer perception with packaging strategies.

• H5. There is no significant impact of packaging strategies on consumers’ buying behaviour.

4. Research gap, significance and framework

From the scene, various investigations of the literature review and framed conceptualization are performed by the scholars. They are focussing mainly on the packaging terms and their performance. Only some of the studies are about the strategies for the role of the packaging in the changed competitive situation of the market in the Indian markets. The present study is mainly focussing on to evaluate the effect of packaging factors and elements on consumer buying mode towards their selected items in the market and also focusses on consumer perception regarding packaging strategies. Which have been implemented? Furthermore, what are the procedures conducted by the marketer to impact the purchaser buying behaviour with the item packaging.

With the end goal of the present examination, packaging is be conceptualized as it includes advancing, securing and upgrading the product. Packaging advances the items by pulling into consideration. The principal limited time assignment of the packaging is to pull in consideration. Since discernment is particular, the bundle ought to be intended to draw in consideration in an outwardly jumbled condition and educate the purchaser. Packaging's add to the moment acknowledgment of brand and induce the purchaser to get it. The bundle imparts more to the buyer than the real item, at the purpose of procurement where the customer chooses. The Packaging must pass on the privilege of enthusiastic characteristics about the products that it fills the customer's need. It was having a greater role to influence the consumers by image, information, characteristics and advantages of the product. Product packaging is one of the strategies of every organization, as an internal strategy to increase long-term sales. Because, most of the customers acquiring and condemning the product by its packaging configuration before buying.

5. Materials and methods

Myers’ (1999) research is a strategic blueprint of investigation for new innovation; it explores that collecting and analysing data from the fundamental postulation. This section involves the discussion on the data working for the study.

5.1 Participants and procedure

The present study adopts analytical research design. Four major cities were selected from two newly formed states in India for the collection of the research data; those cities were Secunderabad and Hyderabad from Telangana state and Vijayawada and Amravati from Andhra Pradesh in India. The scope of the research study is limited to four cities of two states in India only.

5.2 Tools and data collections

Keeping in view on research objectives, the proper survey toll was drafted for the respondents. A structured and closed-ended questionnaire was prepared and distributed among the respondents for capturing their responses pertaining to variable of the packaging strategies. The questionnaire was finalized after pre-test. The research questionnaire has two parts of the structure. In that, major five questions related to the demographic profile of the respondents were considered in the first part; and the second part was made up of 26 questions distributed between four variables. Five questions were framed to know the influence of the media exposure on respondents about packaging, five questions were included to assess the perception of the respondents regarding packaging strategies, six questions were aimed to understand the impact of packaging factors and 10 questions for assuming the effects of the elements towards consumer buying mode. Each question measured different perception regarding the variable of packaging strategies. Researchers used five-point Likert scale for measuring the consumer response rate regarding four variables of the study and the scale in the range of 1(strongly disagree); 2 (disagree); 3 (neutral); 4 (agree); and 5 (strongly agree). A survey was undertaken during the months of August 2018–April 2019. Data collection was started from the second week of August 2018. The data collection was over by the end of December 2018. Overall, 892 questionnaires were distributed to the sample respondents under the convenience sampling method; we were able to receive feedback from 93% (836) of the respondents from the four cities of two states (Table 1).

5.3 Statistical tools used

The following tools were applied for analysis; analysis of variance has been used to identify the mean difference in the group means in the sample. Pearson correlation used finds the linear association among selected variables and multiple regressions explore the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. For the analysis, prospective, researcher has used 23.0 version SPSS package; MS excel for tables and edit derived data from the output of SPSS.

5.4 Demographic profile of respondents

Table 2 discloses that the profile of the respondents from the selected sample size and profile reveals about the gender, income level, occupation status, educational profile and age of the respondents in the research study.

Desk 2 discloses respondent's demographic statistics, participants were grouped into five groups by their age groups. The results reveal that 28.3% candidates belong to the age group of 23–32 years, 233 participants with 27.9% contribution belong to 33–42 years and least 5% of them were 53 and above; 5.5% of the respondents were 51 and above years. Male and female were not in equal proportion in the sample, 70.5% of the whole respondents were male accompanied by 29.5% of females. As far as education profile of respondents is concerned, most of the respondents had attained education post-graduation (32.9%), and followed by 27.5%, 17.1%, 13.4% and 9.1% belonging to Graduation, above PG and 10 + 2 and Matriculation, respectively. As far as occupational profile is concerned, more than 36.6% of the respondents are working as private employees, and it is observed that 30.5%, 11.8%, 11.0% and 10.0% are working as govt. employees, business people, students and homemakers. It is evident that the monthly income of the majority of the respondents, 38.4% of families, was between 30,001 and 40,000 followed by 24.4%, 15.3%, 11.1% and 10.8% with the income of 40,001–50,000, 20,001–30,000 and 50,001 and above and below 20,000.

6. Consequences and discussions

Before the test hypothesis, there is need to examine the reliability and validity test for research data with the help of Cronbach’s alpha test; it measures the internal consistency for all dimensions of research data; minimum acceptable alpha score is above 0.70 (Aderson and Gerbing, 1988). This confirms the validity and reliability of present study. Major variables: media exposure, consumer perception, packaging factors and packaging elements of client notion are considered. Alpha values were calculated one after the other for each variable for measuring variables’ validity and reliability. Cronbach's alpha values for media exposure, consumer perception, packaging factors, packaging elements and packaging strategies are observed to be 0.757, 0.780, 0.844, 0.802 and 0.811. The result values disclose all variable research data have good validity and reliability. So, this data is helpful and could be used for research hypothesis testing (Table 3).

6.1 Results of ANOVAs

It's a statistical tool used for the analysis of the difference among group means in a sample by using F-distribution. Results are given in the following tables.

6.1.1 Media exposure influence on purchase behaviour of respondents

H1.

There is no significant influence of media exposure on consumer purchase behaviour towards packaging of products.

The results of one-way ANOVAs are given disk 4, the results show that the media exposures have significant influence on buyers’ behaviour and value of F distribution is 80.622 and statistically significant value is 0.001, since the statistical significance value is <0.05. Hence, it's smaller than the p-value. Subsequently, given statement is strongly rejected. This evidence reveals that media exposure has great influence on buyers motivating them to purchase the products (see Table 4).

6.1.2 Affect packaging factors in purchasing mode of consumers

H2.

There is no significant effect of packaging factors on consumer buying behaviour.

The desk reveals the results of ANOVAs. It shows that packaging factors f-statistical value is 92.762 and statistical significance assessment is smaller than significance value. The final outcome is null hypothesis rejected. Finally, packaging factors have better effect on buying mode of consumers (Table 5).

6.1.3 Impact of packaging elements towards purchasing actions of clients

H3.

There is no significant impact of packaging elements on consumer in the case of buying behaviour.

Table 6 reveals that f-distribution value is 53.248 and the value of sig. is zero (p < 0.05). The results explore that the null hypothesis (H3) statement is strongly rejected and statement of alternative hypothesis accepted. Packaging elements have an impact on the buyers’ purchasing actions.

6.1.4 Consumer perception towards packaging strategies

H4.

There is no significant difference in consumer perception with packaging strategies.

Table 7 reveals that the consumer perception F-value is 40.170 and its significance value is 0.000 which is smaller than the significance value (p < 0.05). This is indicating that the mean difference in consumer perception regarding strategies of packaging is statistically significant. So, alternative hypothesis accepted and the null hypothesis is strongly rejected.

6.1.5 Packaging strategies impact on the buyer's behaviour mode

H5.

There is no significant impact of packaging strategies on consumers’ buying behaviour.

The box reveals that 38.127 is the variance between groups and 42.031 is the variance within the groups and followed by the value of the F-distribution is 105.873 and its significance value is 0.001. Thus, the result discloses that best innovative product strategies have more influence towards buyers’ purchasing mode and also fulfil requirements of clients (Table 8).

6.2 Pearson correlation test results

Pearson correlation test is helpful to identify the linear relationship between the selected variables and it has values from +1 to −1; here +1 value indicates perfect correlation, −1 value reveals negative correlation and 0 value implies no correlation. The numerical values of correlation coefficient reflect the degree of relation between variables. Pearson correlation results reveal in the following disks 7, 8, 9 and 10.

Desk 9 discloses the association between media exposure and buying mode of respondents; selected exposure variables such as television (r = 0.567^**), newspaper and magazine (r = 0.515^**) are having strongly associated with the consumer purchase behaviour at the 1% significance level, whereas outdoor (r = −0.471^**) and Internet (r = −0.425^**) having a negative and a weak correlation with buying mode of consumers at the 1% significance level. Radio (r = 0.310^**) having weak correlation with the consumer buying mode at the 1% significance level (Table 9).

Packaging factors such as product safety (PF1) (r = 0.590^*), good-quality packaging (PF5) (r = 0.575^**) and appearance (PF2) (r = 0.526^**) are having strong relations between factors of packaging and purchasing mode at the 0.01 significance levels, and factors such as sachet packaging (PF4) (r = −0.302^**) are having negative associations with consumer buying behaviour at the 0.01 significance level (Table 10).

Desk 11, the Pearson technique result shows association between elements of packaging such as printed information and buying action of the consumer (r = 0.612^**) and colour of packaging (r = 0.542^**) at 0.01 significance levels, and desk also reveals the weak relationship between elements and consumer buying action; followed by the background image of the packaging having a weak relationship with the consumer (r = 0.405^**) at 1% of significance level (Table 11).

Pearson technique numerical value reflects the degree of association among consumer perception and packaging strategies, from the above disk, the result discloses good association among the packaging keeps items fresh and hygienic (CP1) and packaging strategies with r = 0.546^** at the 5% significance level and CP4 and PPS having a good correlation with r = 0.524^**, but CP3 r = −0.475^** having a negative correlation with PPS at the 5% significance level (Table 12).

6.3 Results of multiple regressions

It clarifies the connection among independent and dependent factors, and it's supportive for recognizing quality impact of independent and dependent factors, it forecasts impact and changes and it predicts the future qualities. Following table demonstrates the development of the speculation of the hypothesis framework.

The results of multiple regression analysis with supporting five developed models evolved to evaluate the association among the predictors and structured variables. Through the table, all the regression models’ F-values are statistically significant; the percentage value of R² reveals variance among the selected variables in this analysis.

The Model-1 indicates that exposure of media vehicle has better influence on consumer behaviour, because of media exposure maintaining good information about packaging, and it helps to give good perceived information to target customers (β = 0.311, p ≤ 0.001), with 32.3% of variance explained by the independent factors. So hypothesis Ha1 is supported and Ho1 rejected. It is observed from the model-2 factors of packaging affect consumer purchasing mode greatly, and it helps to attract and grab their attention by best innovatively (β = 0.429, p ≤ 0.001) and 54.2% of the variance, this hypothesis Ha2 is also supported. Followed by, the model-3, packaging elements having greater influence on buying mode (β = 0.572, p ≤ 0.001) which explains 68.7% of variance by predictors, so Ha3 hypothesis is supported, and the model-4, most of the consumer having a positive perception towards packaging strategies (β = 0.492, p ≤ 0.001) and 49.2% variance explained by the predictors on the dependent factors. Final model-5 indicates that packaging strategies are having a positive impact on the consumer (β = 0.537, p ≤ 0.001) which explains 64.1% of variance in the dependent factors by the predictors. Thus Ha5 hypothesis supported and the null hypothesis is rejected. The data disclose that strategy of packaging impacts more on the buyers’ purchasing mode (Table 13).

7. Research recommendations

7.1 In-depth research towards innovative packaging

Most of the customers want variety of options of the products while choosing the product based on the packaging. Hence, the marketer should focus on the innovative and unique packaging, with distinctive different size, instruction, convenience, right shape and style of the product, while comparing with the competitors in the market segmentation.

7.2 Effective communication through packaging

Product packaging is acting as a great communication tool for the target audience and their awareness levels gradually increasing. Packaging must communicate about the product and brand relevant information, composition of ingredients, purpose and quality. Packaging should also have all such information in regional languages to respect customers.

7.3 Packaging acts as promotional tool

The significance of effective packaging is not restricted to the storage and protection of products, and it has great significance to create attention and make an action to purchase the product.

7.4 Eco-friendly packaging

Eco-friendly packaging has greater significance nowadays. Thus, the marketers should concentrate on this aspect and should use best practices to the possible extent, thereby the use of eco-friendly packaging, and it should be recyclable.

Mass media playing an important role to influence the customers’ purchasing behaviour. For this, marketers maintain high quality of video, audio, clarity of message about product packaging. It is must and vary in different segments.

8. Limitations and direction for further research

This study is at micro level and considered that the city customers may not be similar to the rural customers. Hence, the perception of rural and urban may not be much different. A sample size of 836 was drawn from the four major cities of two states in India; therefore, the sample may not represent the whole population of India. Hence, the limitation of generalization will be there. The elicited opinion of consumers may not be reliable all the times, due to individual bias, differences in age, gender, education levels, attitude, income, profession and so on. This study did not consider all the FMCGs. Since few categories in FMCG products are considered, such as personal care products (cosmetics), dairy products (milk, ghee, ice cream), food products (biscuits, bread, cakes) and beverages (soft drinks and energy drinks) and only to evaluate the packaging strategies’ impact on the purchase behaviour of final selected respondents, and individual tendency of respondents may also have inclined outcomes imperceptibly while tending to the examination, despite the fact that endeavours were made to show outcomes all through a broad range of quantitative and emotional concerns.

The studies can be made further exhaustive by including rural and different socio-economic demographics. This study may be extended with large sample and both rural and urban segments covering. An observation technique of study may be considered consecutive to capture the consumer's natural behaviour in the retail outlets. As the present study is limited to the FMCG goods, however, a single product may be considered for in-depth study on the packaging strategies.

9. Conclusions

During the previous decade, the universe of packaging has seen numerous innovations and designs; it has assumed a strategic role in the product life cycle. The study endeavoured to investigate the packaging strategies impact on the acquiring consumer behaviour and attempt to comprehend its influence in the purchase decision-making. Respondents as initiators, information seekers, influences, decides, buyers and actual users play a greater role in modern packaging is not viewed as just a box/container or outer covering, but packaging has various tasks to play. Customer perception and intention get changed day by day, and hence, the marketers should take immediate initiation to provide easy-to-use products/user-friendly, recyclable, conservative and innovative product packaging options. Customers need the product packaging in various shapes, sizes, colours, because the customers are becoming more conscious and demanding. The various types of product packaging strategies impact on purchase behaviour of customers. The packaging is viewed as an essential to fulfil the basic need of the consumers, and it should always be one step forward to consumer necessities and competitors. The study concludes that the customer's perceptions towards packaging products are highly influential to the strategies being adopted by the marketers in influencing and ensuring consumer buying behaviour and patrons, through select packaging strategies, such mass media exposure, innovative packaging strategies and other elements. Packaging strategies have significant impact on buying intentions and behaviour according to the study.

Table 1

Sample and response rate

S.No	Cities	State	Sample	Useable returns	Percentage rate%
1	Secunderabad	Telangana	223	212	95
2	Hyderabad	Telangana	223	214	95
3	Vijayawada	Andhra Pradesh	223	211	94
4	Amravati	Andhra Pradesh	223	199	89
	Total		892	836	93

Table 2

Demographic statistics of respondents (n = 836)

Particulars	Classification	No of Responses	%
Age (in years)	Below 22	183	21.9
	23–32	237	28.3
	33–42	233	27.9
	43–52	137	16.4
	53 and above	46	5.5
Gender	Male	589	70.5
	Female	247	29.5
Education	Matriculation	76	9.1
	10 + 2	112	13.4
	Graduation	230	27.5
	Post-graduation	275	32.9
	Above PG	143	17.1
Occupation	Govt. employee	255	30.5
	Private employee	306	36.6
	Business	99	11.8
	Homemaker	84	10.0
	Student	92	11.0
Monthly income (in rupees)	Below 20,000	90	10.8
	20,001–30,000	128	15.3
	30.001–40,000	321	38.4
	40,001–50,000	204	24.4
	50,001	93	11.1
Total		n = 836	100%

Table 3

Scale construction

Questionnaire	Items	Alpha
Media exposure	5 Items	0.757
Consumer perception	5 Items	0.780
Packaging factors	6 Items	0.844
Packaging elements	10 Items	0.802
Packaging strategies	16 Items	0.811

Note(s): Packaging strategies: Packaging elements and packaging factors

Table 4

Results of ANOVAs

	Sum of square	df	Mean square	f	Sig
Between groups	56.074	7	8.011	80.622	0.001
Within groups	81.177	807	0.099
Total	137.251	824

Table 5

Results of ANOVAs

	Sum of squares	df	Mean square	F	Sig
Between groups	41.211	5	8.243	92.762	0.000
Within groups	72.814	819	0.089
Total	93.194	824

Table 6

Results of ANOVAs

	Sum of squares	df	Mean square	f	Sig
Between groups	29.197	7	4.171	53.248	0.000
Within groups	63.997	807	0.078
Total	93.194	824

Table 7

Results of ANOVAs between consumer perception and packaging strategies

	Sum of square	df	Mean square	F	Sig
Between groups	19.850	12	1.654	40.170	0.000
Within groups	33.437	812	0.041
Total	53.287	824

Table 8

Results of ANOVAs

	Sum of square	Df	Mean square	F	Sig
Between groups	38.127	7	5.447	105.873	0.001
Within groups	42.031	807	0.051
Total	80.158	824

Table 9

Pearson correlation results among media exposure and buyers’ buying mode

S.No	Media exposure	Pearson correlations (r)
1	TV	0.567**
2	Radio	0.310**
3	Newspaper and Magazine	0.515**
4	Outdoor	−0.471**
5	Internet	−0.425**

Note(s): Significance level of correlation at 1% (two-tailed): **

Table 10

Results of correlations between the packaging factors and buying behaviour

S.No	Packaging factors	Pearson correlations (r)
1	Product safety (PF1)	0.590**
2	Appearance (PF2)	0.526**
3	Easy conveyance (PF3)	0.416**
4	Sachet packaging (PF4)	−0.302**
5	Good-quality packaging (PF5)	0.575**
6	Eco-friendly packaging (PF6)	0.491**

Note(s): Significance level of correlation at 1% (two-tailed): **

Table 11

Results of correlations between the packaging elements and buying behaviour

S.No	Packaging elements	Pearson correlations (r)
1	Colour of packaging	0.542**
2	Back ground image of packaging	0.405**
3	Materials of packaging	0.457**
4	Printed information	0.612**
5	Innovation of packaging	0.484**
6	Label of packaging	0.411**
7	Quality of packaging	0.513**
8	Design of packaging	0.473**
9	Language used on packaging	0.412**
10	Brand image on the packaging	0.443**

Note(s): Significance level of correlation at 1% (two-tailed): **

Table 12

Results of correlations between the consumer perception and packaging strategies

S.No	Consumer perception elements	Pearson correlations (r)
1	Packaging keeps items fresh and hygienic (CP1)	0.546**
2	Packaging makes convenient to use the products (CP2)	−0.475**
3	With the help of packaging, items will be available in different sizes based on the requirements (CP3)	0.471**
4	Packaging communicates proper information (CP4)	0.524**
5	Packaging makes an attention by the attracting consumers (CP5)	0.492**

Note(s): Significance level of correlation at 1% (two-tailed): **

Table 13

Summary results of multiple regressions

Independent factors
Model	Media exposure (1)	Packaging elements (2)	Packaging factors (3)	Packaging strategies (4)	Consumer perception (5)
R2	0.323	0.687	0.542	0.641	0.659
Β	0.311***	0.572***	0.429***	0.537***	0.492***
F-value	46.129	76.104	55.438	83.435	98.133
Dependent factor: buying behaviour of consumers

Note(s): *** < 0.001, ** > 0.001