Academia

, 4

Alternative approaches

, 68, 96, 98

Altmühltal

, 122

Altruism

, 8, 10, 39–40, 42, 115, 118, 122

reciprocal altruism

, 37, 42–43

in tourism from socio-biological lens

, 42–43

in tourism through Aristotelian lens

, 43–47

Anthropology

, 6

cultural anthropology

, 18

Aquinas, Thomas

, 27, 81

Archaeological sites

, 55

Arendt, Hannah

, 7, 26, 33, 88

Aristoteles, Nicomachean Ethics

, 43–44

Aristotle

, 8, 22, 39–40, 43, 47

Asia

, 175

Atharva Veda (18.4-7)

, 162

Attractions

, 112, 128, 133, 135

Augustin

, 40

Authenticity

, 4, 12, 26, 66, 105, 172–173, 176

authentic tourism

, 12, 176

cultural

, 4

Basic values theory

, 46–47

Bavaria

, 122

Beliefs

, 6, 8, 15, 29, 39–40, 45, 128, 145, 164, 167

Bible, Genesis

, 40, 145

Birnbacher, Dieter

, 9, 80, 88, 91

Brot für die Welt

, 173

Camino conscience

, 9, 70, 72, 74–75

Camino de Santiago

, 9, 66, 68, 168 (see also Pilgrimages)

Camino Mozárabe

, 73

Caribbean

, 175

Casa Cares

, 145, 150, 152

Case Valdesi network

, 11, 144, 148, 150, 153–154

Categorical imperative

, 28, 84

Central Place Theory

, 131

Centre

, 128, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 151

Centre–periphery model

, 131–132

Chain of love

, 9, 88

Character

, 44–45, 120–121, 164

Christian creation spirituality

, 120, 123

Christian spirituality

, 116

Christianity

, 145

Christian tradition

, 15, 118

Churchland, Patricia

, 28–29, 42, 46–47

City walking

, 132

Civil society

, 4, 11, 113, 144, 148, 173–174, 177

Climate change

, 102

Co-creative tourism

, 9, 58

Co-work

, 121, 123

Collective conscience/consciousness

, 18

Common good orientation

, 10, 118

Community empowerment

, 53

local community (ies)

, 4, 6–7, 33, 70, 74–75, 96, 102–103, 151

residents

, 52, 57

Community/communities

, 8, 18, 33, 42, 46, 58, 96, 171

cohesion

, 53

hospitality

, 144

partnerships

, 56, 172

Conscience

, 4, 15, 17, 27–28

collective

, 18, 90

moral compass

, 121

specific focus

, 81–82

Conscientious destination

, 7, 10, 16, 18–19, 59

Consciousness

, 7, 12, 17, 19, 26–27, 70, 158, 168

Convivial conservation

, 102–103

Conviviality

, 101–102, 105

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

, 82–83, 103–104

COVID-19 pandemic

, 26, 31, 38–39, 41, 54, 96, 104, 128

Critical thinking

, 8, 26, 30, 33, 177

Cultural anthropology

, 18

Cultural context

, 144, 158, 162

Cultural heritage

, 4, 6, 9, 52–53, 56, 58, 70, 72–73

Cultural hospitality

, 144

Cultural identity

, 5, 7, 16, 129, 150, 153–154

Culture of sustainability

, 119

Daimonion

, 81

Darshana

, 158–162

Democratisation of archaeological heritage

, 55–56

Designation management organisations (DMOs)

, 47

Destination Conscience

, 1, 6, 8, 10, 12, 22, 26, 52–53, 55, 59, 73–74, 82, 84, 90, 112, 117, 140, 177–178

elements

, 59

guiding principles

, 120

manifestation

, 53

orchestrators

, 103

Destination management

, 97, 101, 105

Destination management organisations (DMOs)

, 68, 103, 105

Destinations

, 3–4, 6, 52, 90, 112, 121, 140, 174, 176

humanistic

, 10, 101, 105

mass-tourism

, 8–9

secular

, 122

self-image

, 118

tourism

, 7, 22

Digital ecosystems

, 103

Digital platforms

, 6

Digitalisation

, 2, 26

Dignity

, 10, 27, 84–85, 87, 97, 104, 114, 116, 118–119

‘Do-gooders’

, 28

Doxai

, 29, 33

Duality

, 30

Durkheim, Émile

, 18

E-democracy

, 103–105

Ecological extension of responsibility

, 80, 86, 88

Economic empowerment

, 8, 53, 132

Economic Nutrition Certification Marks

, 104

Education

, 5, 7, 12, 176

ecological

, 116, 120

liberal

, 27

tourism

, 8, 26, 31–33, 48, 97

Empathy

, 2, 10, 12, 28, 114, 122, 171, 173, 178

Employment

, 53, 56, 154

Empowerment

, 32–33, 52, 57, 119

community

, 53

in local communities

, 132, 176

Encounters

, 1, 8, 150, 171

cultural

, 9, 75

tourism

, 43–44

Environment

, 4, 6, 26, 85, 96, 100, 102, 104, 114, 118, 120–121, 123, 140

Environmental justice

, 85, 102–103, 105

Environmental psychology

, 8, 39

Equality

, 2, 96–97, 99–100

Equality-concerned approaches for changes in placemaking

, 97–98

Erfahrung

, 129–130

Erlebnis

, 129

Essence

, 1, 3, 26, 30, 45, 152, 159

Ethical dimension of HM

, 10, 100

Ethical tourism

, 39

Ethics

, 10, 17, 43, 83, 85, 88, 97, 101, 103

of future

, 83

Euripides

, 27

Europe

, 54, 66–67, 123, 144, 174

Exchanges

, 9, 132, 172

Experiential exposure

, 163–166

Folk shrines

, 54–55

Food

, 69, 119, 130, 153, 162–163

Foresteria Valdese di Torre Pellice

, 145, 149–150, 152

Freud, Sigmund

, 15, 18, 21, 28

Friedman, Milton

, 38–41

Friendships

, 37–38, 40, 44, 48

altruism in tourism

, 45–47

altruism in tourism from socio-biological lens

, 42–43

altruism in tourism through Aristotelian lens

, 43–45

of goodwill

, 45

human nature

, 40–42

Gambia

, 174–175

Geotourism

, 9, 58

Germany

, 145–146, 151, 174

Global North

, 85, 174

Global South

, 2, 12, 53, 174–175, 178

Globalisation

, 26, 54, 56

Goal frame theory

, 46–47

God, Word of; Voice of

, 15, 28, 30, 81

Governance

, 1, 84, 100

Governments

, 4–5, 8, 32–33, 53, 104, 145

Grand Tour

, 19

Great Transformation

, 80, 83

Gruppi Biblici Universitari (GBU)

, 150

Guests

, 1–2, 5, 16, 18, 38, 43, 46, 48, 69, 123, 128, 130, 139, 144, 147, 149, 154, 172

Heritage

, 4, 52

assets

, 52

enhanced experiences

, 57–58

tourism and empowerment

, 53–57

Hindu outlook

, 159

cultural context

, 158–162

experiential exposure

, 163–166

Hindu pilgrims’ experiences

, 166–167

on pilgrimage

, 161

textual context

, 162–163

Hindu pilgrimage experience

, 12

Hinduism

, 158, 161, 163–164

Hobbes, Thomas

, 41

Hospitality

, 11, 32, 72, 74, 143–144, 146, 148, 154

Casa Cares’

, 151

cultural

, 144

institutional

, 144

structures

, 149–150

Waldensian model

, 145, 152, 154

Hosts and guest relationship

, 45

Human nature

, 8, 27, 33, 38, 42, 47, 103

Human rights

, 12, 32, 82, 116, 173–174

perspective and priority

, 83–84

standards

, 85

Human-to-economy interaction

, 101, 104

Human-to-human interaction

, 101

Human-to-nature interaction

, 101–102

Human-to-technology interaction

, 101, 103

Humane and conscientious tourism destinations

, 31–33

Humaneness

, 7–8, 26, 28, 31–32, 47

Humanism

, 27, 97–98, 100

Humanistic destination

, 10, 97, 101, 105

humanistic management

, 96

Humanistic management (HM)

, 10, 96

difference and advantage

, 101–105

equality-concerned approaches for changes in placemaking

, 97–98

open conclusion

, 105–106

pillars and characteristics

, 99

principles

, 98–101

Humanistic placemaking

, 105

Humanistic tourism (see also Tourism)

Image

, 9, 21, 68, 74

Immersive tourism

, 9, 58

India

, 12, 159, 164

Indigenous communities

, 8, 52–53, 56

indigenous peoples

, 5, 87

Indigenous knowledge

, 56

Inequality

, 2, 10, 19, 96, 104

Initiation

, 12, 159, 167

Injustice

, 2, 10, 96, 104, 147

Institutional hospitality

, 144, 153–154

to touristic hospitality

, 146–148

Waldensian

, 147

Integral ecology

, 10, 87, 112

applied to destinations

, 116–121

holistic worldview and new paradigm

, 113–116

Plankstetten monastery

, 122–123

Integrity of creation

, 10, 116, 118–119, 122

Intergenerational justice

, 85–86

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC)

, 91

Internalists

, 80

International organisations

, 32

Inward-to-outward approach

, 96

Italy

, 11, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 174

Joint exercises

, 120

Journey conscience

, 66–73

Jung, Carl Gustav

, 21

Justice

, 9, 85, 90, 100, 114, 176

Kant, Immanuel

, 28, 84

Kāshī Khaṅḍa

, 162

Knowledge

, 6–7, 9, 21, 26–27, 31, 48, 55, 58, 80, 88, 117, 124, 129

Latour, Bruno

, 86–87, 91

Leadership

, 100

humanistic

, 98

voluntary

, 100

Legitimacy

, 10, 12, 97, 99, 101, 166–167

dispersed stakeholders

, 103

normative

, 100

societal

, 102

stakeholder

, 104

Liberal education

, 27

Liminality

, 12, 159

Local spiritual and religious traditions

, 53–55

Local spiritual traditions

, 8

Martin Luther

, 28

Mass tourism

, 1–2, 52, 54, 56, 129, 132

to sustainable mass tourism

, 2, 4, 6

Mass-produced package tours

, 57

Massification

, 9, 26, 69, 71–72, 75

Mindfulness

, 10, 115–116, 118–119, 121–122

Mobility

, 3, 58, 145–146

Modern ethics

, 87

Modern tourism

, 43

Monastery (ies), of Plankstetten

, 122–123

Monks

, 10, 122–123

Moral norms

, 80, 88

Moral psychology

, 80

Moral realism

, 82

Morality

, 6, 9, 15, 17, 80, 88

Motivation

, 5, 9, 12, 68, 70, 72, 81–82, 88, 96, 100, 116–117, 121

Multilingualism

, 117

Nature

, 6, 8, 16, 30, 38, 41, 45, 68, 80, 87, 102, 105, 122–123, 129

Nazism

, 28

Neoliberal economy

, 39

New normal

, 96

Newman, John Henry

, 81

Nicomachean Ethics (NE)

, 43–44

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)

, 5

Normative legitimacy

, 100

Normative principles

, 10, 83, 88, 91

Ordinary heritage

, 8, 53, 56–57 (see also Heritage)

Overtourism

, 22, 26, 52, 56–57, 70, 73, 128, 176

issues

, 3, 8–9

perception of

, 3

Padma Purāṇ a

, 162–163

Pelluchon, Corine

, 80, 85, 87, 89

Periphery

, 130, 133, 139

Eastern Route

, 135

Northern Route

, 133–135

Southern Route

, 135

Western Route

, 137–139

Persecution

, 145–146

Philanthropy

, 27

Philosophy

, 6, 18, 29–30

Arendt’s

, 31, 88

Aristotelian

, 45

Kneipp

, 121

neoplatonism, neoplatonists

, 40

Western Philosophy

, 41

Pilgrim (s)

, 9, 67, 71, 75, 144, 163, 168

Pilgrimages

, 9, 12, 53–54, 74, 159, 163–164, 168

Camino Conscience

, 9, 70, 72, 74–75

changes

, 69–70

destination conscience on local level

, 73–74

journey conscience

, 66–69

as religious duty

, 160

routes of Saint James in Europe

, 67

to Santiago de Compostela

, 70–73

Place

, 6, 10, 43, 54, 68, 139, 164

Plankstetten monastery

, 122–123

Plato

, 29–30

Pleasure

, 41, 44, 46

Political empowerment

, 53

Pope Francis

, 10, 87, 113, 115, 119

Post-pandemic tourism

, 38–39, 41

Posthumanism

, 97, 105

Power

, 8, 27, 56, 103, 105, 129, 162, 166–167

Practitioner (s)

, 8, 32, 40, 48

Private sector

, 4

Pro-environmental behaviour theory (PEB theory)

, 38, 42

Profane

, 12, 68, 70, 75, 163–164, 167

Psychological empowerment

, 53

Psychology

, 18

environmental psychology

, 8, 39–40

moral

, 80

Public archaeology

, 8, 53, 55–56

Public sector

, 4

Purposeful cultural tourism

, 9, 58

Reaggregation

, 12, 159

Reciprocal altruism

, 37, 42, 44, 46

Reciprocity

, 10, 12, 43–44, 48, 100, 106, 167

Regenerative development

, 10, 105

Regenerative tourism

, 2, 97, 105

Relationalisation of human existence

, 86

Relativisation of anthropocentric views

, 86

Religion

, 27, 54, 68, 70, 117, 128

Religious minorities

, 148

Residents and tourists engagement

, 52

Resilience

, 140, 154, 175

Resistenza movement

, 146

Resource justice

, 85

Respect

, 6, 10, 16, 98, 102, 119

Respect for local values and norms

, 16

Responsible travel

, 2, 5–6

Restorative tourism

, 2

Retinity

, 87

Reverence for life

, 10, 116, 118, 122

Ritual landscapes

, 158

Rome

, 11, 52, 66, 128–129, 133, 135, 140, 153

Rootedness

, 145–146

Route-based tourism

, 132

Routes/trails

, 129

Sacre, sacrality

, 163

Sacred

, 12, 53, 55, 70, 145, 158–159, 162, 164, 167–168

Sacred time

, 159

Saint Francis

, 114–115

Sanātana Dharma

, 158

Scrupulous

, 28

Self-therapy

, 69

Seneca

, 81

Shared conscience

, 7, 18

Shared governance

, 100

Simulation games

, 120

Social force

, 101

Social media

, 6, 8, 46, 48, 54, 128, 133, 176–177

Socio-biology

, 8, 39–40, 42

Socio-ecological relationism

, 86

Socio-economic development

, 53

Socrates

, 7, 26, 29, 32, 81

Solidarity

, 8, 10–11, 18, 52–53, 55–56, 58–59, 90, 115, 117, 119, 123, 148–149, 153, 168

Solitude

, 30–31

South Africa

, 173

Spain

, 72–73

Spirituality

, 54, 68, 115–116, 118, 120, 123, 147, 163

Christian

, 116

experiences

, 168

Stakeholder (s)

, 5, 18, 25, 32, 70, 100, 103, 120, 153

economic

, 7, 16

tourism

, 4, 39, 42

Stalinism

, 28

Sunweb Group

, 38–39

Superficiality

, 66

Supply side of tourism

, 4–5, 52

Sustainability

, 1, 5, 7, 23, 96, 118, 123, 149, 153

conscience

, 81–82

cultural

, 114

as demand for justice

, 85–86

ecological extension of responsibility

, 86–88

economic

, 83

environmental

, 153

human rights perspective and priority

, 83–84

social

, 153

Sustainable development

, 10, 12, 59, 85–86, 96, 101, 103, 114, 131, 174

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)

, 32, 104

Sustainable tourism

, 1, 4, 39, 53, 83, 86, 97, 140, 175

future role

, 5–6

principles

, 132

Sustainable travellers

, 6

Synderesis

, 22

Syneidesis

, 22, 27

Technocratic paradigm

, 114

Technology companies

, 5

Textual context

, 162–163

Theology

, 6, 18

Thought

, 12, 22

critical thinking

, 8

freedom of thought

, 18

thinking

, 3

Three-zone model

, 132

Tīrtha-yātrā

, 158, 161

Touripilgrimage

, 70

Tourism

, 3–4, 39, 41, 59, 96, 101, 175

businesses and associations

, 5

destination

, 16

eco

, 58

education

, 32

experiences

, 43

future of

, 4, 71

humanistic

, 10, 97, 101

industry

, 5, 26, 31

perception

, 3

regenerative

, 2, 105

responsible

, 82, 176

restorative

, 2

slow

, 6, 9, 58

spiritual

, 8

stakeholders and providers

, 4–5

supply side

, 4–5

transformative

, 26, 102

Tourism Watch

, 173–174

Touristic hospitality

, 11, 144, 146, 149, 153

Tourists

, 8, 43, 130

guests

, 128–130

routes

, 132

visitors

, 52

Traditional tourism

, 128

Transformation

, 120, 140

Transformational leaders

, 100

Travellers

, 2, 4, 6, 9, 11–12, 38, 57, 69–70, 72, 74–75, 102–103, 128, 130, 144, 171–172, 174, 176

TUI

, 38–39

Unfairness

, 10, 96

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

, 57

United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO)

, 101

United States (US)

, 146

Universal fraternity

, 10, 114, 117, 119, 123

University exchanges

, 172

Value-based business

, 10, 19, 101

Vaudois (see Waldensians)

Velthuizen, Karin

, 46–48

Vernacular heritage

, 56–57

Villa I Graffi (see Casa Cares)

Virtue

, 23, 37, 44, 68–69, 98–99, 112, 116

Voluntourism

, 48

Waldensians

, 144–145

Casa Cares and Foresteria Valdese di Torre Pellice

, 150–152

Case Valdesi network

, 148–150

institutional hospitality to touristic hospitality

, 146–148

model of hospitality

, 11, 144, 152, 154

people

, 143–145

Way of St. James

, 66–72

Wholeheartedness

, 81

Wind of Thought

, 26, 28, 31

humane and conscientious tourism destinations

, 31–33

humaneness and conscience

, 27–28

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 31

Worldviews

, 18, 113

Xacobeo

, 70–71