Administration

, 134–135

Adolescents

, 120, 174

Adult outcomes

, 221

Adult survivors

, 230

CSA as invasive violence

, 233–235

discursive practice

, 240–241

early research on adult survivors of child maltreatment

, 217–218

(in)justice and responsibility

, 238–240

method

, 232–233

narratives

, 237–238

PAR right research paradigm

, 241–243

participatory research with adult survivors of institutional abuse

, 265–266

results

, 233–241

survivors’ art as data

, 233

symbolic violence

, 235–237

theoretical background

, 230–232

Adulthood

, 15

Adultism

, 14

Adults

, 14

Adverse childhood experiences research

, 218–220

Adverse Childhood Experiences Study (ACE Study)

, 218–219

Age

, 55–56

age-appropriate creative strategies

, 30

Agency among children with refugee backgrounds

, 114–115

Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030)

, 2

Aliens Act

, 198

Anxiety

, 165

Appropriate tools

, 146–147

Arbitrary criteria

, 67–68

Art

, 230–232

arts-based methods

, 146–147

Artists

, 233

and audience

, 240–241

Assertiveness

, 140

Asszerteen (app)

, 132, 136, 138

campaign

, 138

interviews with children and professionals

, 137

participants and methods

, 137

results

, 137

testing and finalising app

, 137–138

Audience, artist and

, 240–241

Awakenings Foundation, The

, 136

Awareness of childhood diversity

, 181

Balcan Epidemiologic Child Abuse and Neglect Research (BECAN)

, 73

Barnafrid

, 116–117, 200

description of model

, 117–119

experiences from using Barnafrid model in long journey to shelter study with refugee children

, 119–122

methodology

, 7

model for child participation

, 116–119

theoretical underpinnings

, 116–117

work done by Ombudsman for children and Barnafrid as examples

, 200–201

Blank cards

, 105

BMBF funding line

, 249

Board games

, 100–101

Bonn Ethics Declaration

, 249–250

Borderline personality disorder (BPD)

, 218

Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)

, 249

Capacity building

, 199

Cards

, 103

Care, lack of

, 155–156

Care system

, 131

Child Abuse and Domestic Violence Research

, 85

Child abuse and neglect (CAN)

, 84, 87, 89

conceptual perspective

, 86

ecological factors influencing participation of children in research

, 87–91

implications for increasing children’s participation in research

, 91–94

lessons learnt from perspective of

, 272–273

methods

, 86–87

in out-of-home care from perspectives of survivors

, 266–270

phenomenon

, 86

Child maltreatment

, 14, 223

adopting rights approach to children’s participation in research on

, 21–22

adverse childhood experiences research

, 218–220

early research on adult survivors of child maltreatment

, 217–218

global research on violence, child health, abuse and neglect

, 217

relevant studies

, 220–221

studies with focus on CSA survivors

, 221–222

theoretical devices for thinking about children’s participation in research on

, 14–18

Child participation

, 209

Barnafrid model for

, 116–119

legal basis for personal data processing according to GDPR and

, 59–60

preparing child participation in social research

, 61–62

in recent public state enquiries and governmental assignments concerning violence against children, examples of

, 202–206

requirement for child participation in public research funding

, 206–207

in social research

, 54–55

Child participatory approaches

, 199

in Sweden

, 198–199

Child patient participation in health care and clinical research

, 207–208

Child Protection Act (1997)

, 130

Child Protection Act No. 80/2002 (2002)

, 148

Child Welfare Youth Council

, 150

Child(hood) sexual abuse (CSA) (see also Institutional abuse)

, 8, 216, 230, 248, 274–275

as invasive violence

, 233–235

studies with focus on CSA survivors

, 221–222

survivors

, 9, 258

Childhood/Children

, 100, 114, 123, 150, 166, 181, 193

age requirements for children to acquire rights across EU

, 53–54

child-centred supportive approaches

, 7

child-participatory approach

, 123–124

children-led approach

, 8

children’s participation in evaluation and development of child protection services

, 131–133

data processed

, 61

with disabilities

, 8

ecological factors influencing participation of children in research

, 87–91

ethical concerns in research with children from historical perspective

, 67–68

ethical issues illustrated in examples of participatory research with children on maltreatment

, 69–76

examples of Child participation in recent public state enquiries and governmental assignments concerning violence against

, 202–206

exosystem

, 89–90

focus groups with children, young adults and professionals

, 133–135

gatekeeping concepts

, 6

global research on child health

, 217

human rights

, 17–18

immaturity

, 15

involvement

, 40

as key informants about lives

, 147–148

macrosystem

, 90–91

maltreatment

, 7

mesosystem

, 89

microsystem

, 87–89

needs of

, 1–2

and Parents Code

, 198

participation of children in transnational family research

, 165–166

participatory research with children in deprived neighbourhoods

, 182–183

personal data–related GDPR recitals and articles

, 57–59

protection system

, 140, 268–269

in research on maltreatment contribute to enhancement of knowledge base in area and development of policies and practices

, 70

results of acting for change with

, 187–191

situation of children in Hungary

, 130–131

sociological research

, 198

sociology of

, 15–17

studies

, 14

in Turkey

, 85

umbrella concept

, 166

victims

, 267

work done by ombudsman for children and Barnafrid as examples

, 200–201

Childism

, 14

Children Left Behind by Labour Migration (CASTLE)

, 167

Children’s Act No. 76/2003 (2003)

, 148

Children’s participation

, 101

benefits of children’s participation as co-researchers

, 74–76

in evaluation and development of child protection services

, 131–133

exosystem

, 93

implications for increasing

, 91–94

individual level

, 92–93

macrosystem

, 94

on maltreatment

, 66–67

mesosystem

, 93

microsystem

, 93

in research

, 3, 5, 28

rights

, 21

in society

, 3

and survivors in research on maltreatment

, 4–5

ways to increase

, 147

Children’s voices

, 66–67

in teaching materials

, 76

Clinical research, child patient participation in

, 207–208

Clubs

, 133

Co-research

, 166

Commission for Protection of Children and Youth

, 185

Communities

, 165–166

community-based participatory research

, 115

Community art

, 146, 154–155

children as key informants about lives

, 147–148

data analysis

, 150–151

experiencing violence

, 152–154

findings

, 151–156

Icelandic context

, 148–149

insecurity and lack of care

, 155–156

limitations

, 157

methodology

, 149–151

ways to increase children’s participation

, 147

Community deprivation

context of participatory research

, 184–185

participatory research process

, 185–187

participatory research with children in deprived neighbourhoods

, 182–183

results of acting for change with children

, 187–191

Conceptualisations of children

, 21

Consent

, 52–53, 60

Conventional research

, 231

Co–researchers

, 150, 170–173, 189

adolescents

, 171

benefits of children’s participation as

, 74–76

effects of research experience on

, 173–175

preparatory work and training with co-researchers for participatory research

, 169–170

recruitment of

, 168–169

team members

, 169

teenagers

, 174–175

training

, 169

Corporal punishment

, 198

COST Action CA (19106)

, 28

Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (2016) (CIOMS)

, 66–67

Council of Europe

, 131, 222

Council of Europe Convention, The

, 202–203

COVID-19 pandemic

, 2

Critical psychology

, 252, 256–257

view of critical psychology on self-help groups

, 252–253

Criticism

, 187–188

Cultural factors on children’s participation

, 85

Culturally sensitive measurement tools

, 92–93

Danish Victims Foundation

, 221–222

Data analysis

, 31, 150–151, 171

procedures

, 44

Data collection

, 30, 66, 170–171

Data processing

, 60–61

Data protection law

, 59–60

Data protection principles

, 57

Decision-making

, 140

process

, 3, 192–193, 208

Democratic parenting approach

, 84–85

Depression

, 165

Deprived environments

, 45

Deprived neighbourhoods, participatory research with children in

, 182–183

Design process

, 167

Development process

, 137–138

of YounGo

, 133–134

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

, 218

Digital technology-based research

Asszerteen

, 136–138

children’s participation in evaluation and development of child protection services

, 131–133

situation of children in Hungary

, 130–131

YounGo

, 133–136

Digital tools

, 132

Direct institutional maltreatment

, 264

Disclosure

, 267–268

Discourse process

, 198, 232

Dissemination

, 136, 173

Distress in research on maltreatment

, 72–74

Documentary

, 186–187

Domestic violence

, 149

Dominating party

, 237

EB/JI of Lagarteiro

, 186–187

Ecological system approach

, 86–87

Ecological theory

, 85

Education Act

, 198

Epistemic injustice

, 231

Epistemological research process

, 166

Ethical approval process

, 120

Ethical assessment of research designs

, 68

Ethical concerns in research with children from historical perspective

, 67–68

Ethics of research with children on violence re-examined

asking for parental consent and gatekeeping by parents

, 70–72

benefits of children’s participation as co-researchers

, 74–76

consulting children in research on maltreatment contribute to enhancement of knowledge base in area and development of policies and practices

, 70

distress, risks and harm in research on maltreatment

, 72–74

ethical concerns in research with children from historical perspective

, 67–68

ethical issues illustrated in examples of participatory research with children on maltreatment

, 69–76

methodology

, 69

Euro-CAN on Multisectoral Responses to Child Abuse and Neglect in Europe: Incidence and Trends (Euro-CAN)

, 5

Euro-orphans

, 164

European Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA)

, 53, 55

European Commission

, 52–53

European Cooperation on Science Technology

, 5

European project Support to Adult Survivors of Child Abuse in Institutional Settings (SASCA)

, 264–265

European region

, 2

European Union (EU)

, 52–53

age requirements for children to acquire rights across

, 53–54

orphans

, 164–165

Evidence

, 30

Exosystem

, 86, 89–90, 93

Experiential knowledge in self-help groups, generalisation of

, 250–252

Experimental-statistical approaches

, 248–249

Family

, 84–85

structure

, 87

Finalisation process

, 140–141

Focus groups with children, young adults and professionals

, 133–135

Formal policymakers

, 44

Foster care

objectives

, 101

Play&Talk Game

, 101–108

Fostering child participation among public-sector authorities

, 200–201

FRANET

, 53

Game materials

, 102–103

Gatekeeping by parents, asking for parental consent and

, 70–72

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

, 56–57, 60

legal basis for personal data processing according to GDPR and child participation

, 59–60

Generalisation of experiential knowledge in self-help groups

, 250–252

Global commitment

, 4

Globalisation, context of

, 164

Good practices

, 131–132, 136

Harm in research on maltreatment

, 72–74

Hart’s model

, 19

Healing process

, 272

Health care

, 7

child patient participation in

, 207–208

Historical review of global health and research

adverse childhood experiences research

, 218–220

early research on adult survivors of child maltreatment

, 217–218

global research on violence, child health, abuse and neglect

, 217

relevant studies

, 220–221

studies with focus on CSA survivors

, 221–222

Hungarian child protection system

, 130–132

Hungarian society

, 130

Hungary, situation of children in

, 130–131

ICAST instrument

, 73

Icelandic context

, 148–149

Inclusion

, 167

Barnafrid model for child participation

, 116–119

child patient participation in health care and clinical research

, 207–208

of children

, 28

criteria

, 168

examples of child participation in recent public state enquiries and governmental assignments concerning violence against children

, 202–206

fostering child participation among public-sector authorities

, 200–201

participation and agency among children with refugee backgrounds

, 114–115

requirement for child participation in public research funding

, 206–207

Inclusive research

, 223

Independent peer-review process

, 208

Influential policy-makers

, 44

Information and communication technologies (ICT)

, 52

ICT-based product

, 140–141

ICT-based tools

, 138

Informative experiences

, 109

Informed consent

, 60–61

Injustice

, 238–240

Insecurity

, 155–156

INSPIRE

, 217

Institutional abuse

, 264

of children

, 264

consequences of institutional abuse as perceived by survivors

, 271–272

lessons learnt from perspective of child abuse and neglect

, 272–273

participatory research with adult survivors of institutional abuse

, 265–266

perspective of participatory research

, 273–275

restorative value and power of taking and giving voice

, 270–272

Institutional betrayal

, 270–271

Institutional child abuse

, 264

Institutional maltreatment of children

, 268

Interactional process

, 3

Interactive process

, 150

International Collaboration for Participatory Health Research

, 257

International labour mobility

, 164

International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN)

, 217

Internet-based research

, 56

Interpersonal violence

, 2

Interview process

, 105–106

Invasive violence, CSA as

, 233–235

Invisible phenomena

, 70

Italy, brief review of characteristics of survivors interviewed in

, 266

Judicial system

, 140–141

Justice principle

, 168

Kinaesthetic strategies

, 30

Knowledge

, 230–232

consulting children in research on maltreatment contribute to enhancement of knowledge base in area and development of policies and practices

, 70

Labour migration

, 164–165

Lanzarote Committee

, 274–275

Lavabo series

, 239–241

Learning process

, 76, 130

Left–behind children (LBC)

, 164

analysis and interpretation

, 171–173

data collection

, 170–171

dissemination

, 173

effects of research experience on co-researchers

, 173–175

ethical considerations

, 167–168

methodology

, 167–169

participation of children in transnational family research

, 165–166

preparatory work and training with co-researchers for participatory research

, 169–170

recruitment of co-researchers

, 168–169

recruitment of study participants

, 170

research design

, 170

results

, 169–175

Legal base

, 59–60

Legal basis for personal data processing according to GDPR and child participation

, 59–60

Legal basis for processing personal data, consent as

, 60–61

Libraries

, 120

Lundy model

, 74–75

Macrosystem

, 86, 90–91, 94

Maltreatment (see also Child maltreatment)

, 10

adopting rights approach to children’s participation in research on child maltreatment

, 21–22

challenges to children’s participation in research on

, 20–21

challenges to children’s participation in research on maltreatment

, 20–21

defining and implementing children’s participation in research

, 18–20

distress, risks and harm in research on

, 72–74

ethical issues illustrated in examples of participatory research with children on

, 69–76

participation of children and survivors in research on

, 4–5

theoretical devices for thinking about children’s participation in research on child maltreatment

, 14–18

Media

, 93

Memorandum on Participatory Research

, 250

Mesosystem

, 86, 89, 93

Microsystem

, 86–87, 89, 93

Migrant parents

, 164–165

Migration decision-making process

, 166

Ministry of Family and Social Services

, 88–89

Money

, 172

management

, 134–135

Mosaic approaches

, 69–70

Multiple societal sectors

, 7

Municipality of Porto

, 186–188

Narratives

, 237–238

National Board of Health and Welfare

, 207

National strategies

, 199, 208

National Thesis Center Database

, 86–87

Neighbourhood

, 184–185

Newspaper

, 186–187

Nonacademic survivors

, 241–242

Oltre Project

, 264–265

Ombudsman of Children

, 205

Barnafrid as examples

, 200–201

Online surveys

, 258

Online-based tools

, 130

Out-of-home care from perspectives of survivors, lessons learnt on child abuse and neglect in

, 266–270

Pan-European network

, 5

Parent migration

, 175

Parental consent and gatekeeping by parents, asking for

, 70–72

Parental labour migration abroad

, 165

Parents, parental consent and gatekeeping by

, 70–72

Participants

, 121, 167, 188

Participation

, 123, 190, 193

among children with refugee backgrounds

, 114–115

model

, 54

for Protection European project

, 74–75

Participatory Action Research (PAR)

, 115, 230–232

right research paradigm

, 241–243

Participatory approach

, 116

Participatory health research

, 249–250

Participatory methodologies

, 187, 193

Participatory paradigm

, 182–183

Participatory process

, 146, 186, 189–191, 266–267

Participatory research

, 19–20, 28, 191–192, 222, 248, 250

with adult survivors of institutional abuse

, 265–266

brief review of characteristics of survivors interviewed in Italy

, 266

with children

, 181–182

disclosure

, 267–268

ethical issues illustrated in examples of participatory research with children on maltreatment

, 69–76

lessons learnt on child abuse and neglect in out-of-home care from perspectives of survivors

, 266–270

methods

, 130

perspective of

, 273–275

preparatory work and training with co-researchers for

, 169–170

prevention

, 269–270

process

, 185, 187, 264

responsibility

, 268–269

Path model analysis

, 73

Patient organisations

, 207

Patient Rights Regulation (1998)

, 87–89

Patriarchal society

, 237

Personal data

, 57

consent as legal basis for processing

, 60–61

legal basis for personal data processing according to GDPR and child participation

, 59–60

Photography

, 146–147

Physical appearance

, 155

Pilot test

, 102

Play

, 109

Play&Talk

, 101, 105–106, 108

ethical questions

, 108–109

game designed

, 102

game instructions

, 103–105

game materials

, 102–103

implications

, 109–110

played game for first time

, 106–108

researcher role

, 105–106

tool

, 107

Political decision-making

, 241

Political movement

, 182–183

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

, 216

Precaution principle

, 168

Prevention

, 269–270

Procedural maltreatment

, 264

Process–person–context–time model

, 87

Professionals

focus groups with children, young adults and

, 133–135

knowledge

, 74–75

methods

, 147

Protective rights

, 21

Provisions

, 55

Public involvement approach

, 115

Public research funding, requirement for child participation in

, 206–207

Public-sector authorities, fostering child participation among

, 200–201

Qualitative data collection techniques

, 29–30

Qualitative research methods

, 149–150, 251–252

Quantitative generalisation method

, 251

Radical social movement

, 16–17

Refugee backgrounds, participation and agency among children with

, 114–115

Refugee children, experiences from using Barnafrid model in long journey to shelter study with

, 119–122

REGROW (joint research project)

, 250, 254

Relationship-building

, 140

Republic of Moldova and Ukraine

, 164

Research

, 108, 206–207

children’s participation in

, 3–5

context

, 18

data

, 150

design

, 30, 54–55, 170

effects of research experience on co-researchers

, 173–175

ethical concerns in research with children from historical perspective

, 67–68

ethics

, 167

funding

, 207–208

group meetings

, 255

groups

, 255

implications for increasing children’s participation in

, 91–94

process

, 3–4, 8, 14, 19, 29–31, 40, 45–46, 52, 68, 115, 121–123, 169, 181, 185–186, 189–190, 193, 206–207, 250, 254

reports

, 30

strategies

, 16

tools

, 100–101

Researchers

, 67, 165, 170

Respondents

, 135

Responsibility

, 238, 240, 268–269

Right of Children to be heard in Participatory Research on Violence, The

age requirements for children to acquire rights across EU

, 53–54

children’s personal data–related GDPR recitals and articles

, 57–59

consent as legal basis for processing personal data

, 60–61

data processed

, 61

GDPR

, 56–57

legal basis for personal data processing according to GDPR and child participation

, 59–60

preparing child participation in social research

, 61–62

provisions for children’s participation in social research

, 55–56

role of child participating in social research

, 54–55

strengthening child participation

, 52–53

Right to be heard

, 53–54

Rights-based approaches

, 222

to children’s participation in research on child maltreatment

, 21–22

Risk-taking behaviour

, 165

Risks in research on maltreatment

, 72–74

Roma community

, 44

Roman Catholic Church

, 239–240

Romanian BECAN

, 71–72

Rubeus Association

, 131–132, 136, 138

Safe child participation

, 52–53

Sanitary security provisions

, 169–170

SASCA Project

, 265, 273

Schools

, 120

curriculum

, 93

Scientific Advisory Board

, 257

Secretariat of the Lanzarote Committee (2018)

, 52

Secure base model

, 101

Self-advocacy

, 140

Self-help

, 248

Self-help groups

of adult survivors

, 248

generalisation of experiential knowledge in

, 250–252

view of critical psychology on

, 252–253

SELFORG (survivor-controlled research subproject)

, 250, 253–254

Self–organised research by child sexual abuse survivors

comparing to outside sources

, 257–258

consulting with critical friends

, 257

design for self-organised research

, 254–258

first meeting

, 256

following meetings

, 256–257

generalisation of experiential knowledge in self-help groups

, 250–252

initial group

, 254

possible additional improvements

, 257–258

research group meetings

, 255

research groups

, 255

self-help and ‘survivor-controlled approach’

, 248

SELFORG

, 253–254

survivor-controlled research or participatory research

, 248–250

view of critical psychology on self-help groups

, 252–253

Sensitive research

, 66

Sentence-bearing units

, 120

Sexist culture

, 90

Sexual abuse

, 72–74

Sexualised violence

, 251–252

survivors of

, 254–258

Shier’s matrix

, 31, 40, 44–45

Social environment

, 93

Social exclusion, tool against

, 182–183

Social housing neighbourhoods

, 181

Social orphans

, 164–165

Social problem in the United States

, 264

Social research

provisions for children’s participation in

, 55–56

role of child participating in

, 54–55

Social self-understanding

, 256

Social Services Act No. 40/1991 (1991)

, 147

Social welfare services

, 7

Societies

, 165–166

children’s participation in

, 3

Sociology of childhood

, 15–18

Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse (SKAD)

, 232–233

Stigma

, 182

Stigmatisation of child

, 90

Structural generalisation

, 255

Subtle symbolic violence

, 235–236

Survivors

, 264, 270

art

, 241–242

brief review of characteristics of survivors interviewed in Italy

, 266

of institutional abuse

, 271–272

knowledge

, 241–242

lessons learnt on child abuse and neglect in out-of-home care from perspectives of

, 266–270

participation of survivors in research on maltreatment

, 4–5

of sexualised violence

, 254–258

survivor-controlled approach

, 248

survivor–controlled research

, 248–250

survivors-artists actions

, 241

Swedish health care

, 207

Swedish law

, 202

Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention

, 205–206, 208

Swedish public agencies

, 199

Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare

, 206

Symbolic transformation

, 241

Symbolic violence

, 230–231, 235, 237, 242

System maltreatment

, 264

System victims

, 269

Teenage co-researchers

, 174–175

Testing app

, 135–136

Thematic analysis

, 150–152

Theoretical devices for thinking about children’s participation in research on child maltreatment

, 14–18

children’s human rights

, 17–18

sociology of childhood

, 15–17

Transnational families

, 165

participation of children in transnational family research

, 165–166

Transparency

, 59

Trauma

, 216, 218

Trauma Antecedents Questionnaire

, 218

Traumatic childhood experiences

, 216

Turkey

CAN in context of

, 84–85

children in

, 85, 87, 89

Two-phase process

, 73

Ukraine

, 164

Ulakbim

, 86–87

UN Assembly (1989)

, 17

Ungas röster method

, 204–205

United Nations (UN)

, 2, 76, 217

study on violence

, 2

Sustainable Development Goals

, 2

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)

, 2–4, 17–18, 22, 52, 76–77, 100, 114–115, 123, 147–149, 198–199, 202–203, 206

framework

, 116

University health-care status

, 207–208

Valorisation of survivors

, 273

Video campaign

, 130

Violence

, 114–115, 157, 198, 216–217, 223

against children, examples of child participation in recent public state enquiries and governmental assignments concerning

, 202–206

children’s participation in research on

, 31

data analysis

, 31

data collection

, 30

global research on

, 217

methods

, 30–31

results

, 31–44

survivors of

, 216–217

Visual art

, 146

Voice of young people

, 138

War-related violence

, 114

Web of Science databases

, 86–87

Western democracies

, 67–68

Who Am I? campaign

, 138

Women’s Refuge and Health Service

, 149

World Health Assembly

, 217

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 216

World Report on Violence

, 70

Young adults and professionals, focus groups with children

, 133–135

Young children

, 8

Young co-researchers

, 168, 187

Young people

, 100, 137–138, 174

YounGO (app)

, 132–133, 136

dissemination

, 136

focus groups with children, young adults and professionals

, 133–135

participants and methods

, 133–134

results

, 134–135

testing app

, 135–136

Youth 2030 Movement

, 206