Acculturation
, 19
dissonant
, 19
selective
, 19
Adult day care program
, 115
Advocacy
, 43, 51, 59, 62, 116, 152, 166, 168, 173, 179
groups
, 51, 116
organization
, 43
Advocates
, 4, 47, 56–57, 60, 71, 128, 138, 155, 158, 174, 177
community
, 56–57, 155, 158
local
, 4
Old Chinatown
, 71
Alief
, 71, 96, 128–129, 143, 155, 160–161
Alief Community Center
, 160
Alief Neighborhood Center and Park
, 160
Alief Super Neighborhood Council
, 143
American Bodhi Center
, 121, 123, 125
American First National Bank
, 99–100, 105, 107
Ang, Tiong L.
, 75, 100, 107n6
Anti-Asian violence and sentiment
, 116
Arthur Storey Park
, 81, 126, 141, 144
Asian American community
, 6, 117, 161, 173
Asian American Health Coalition
, 46, 156
Asian American Leadership Council
, 154
Asian American National Bank
, 105–106
Asian American Pacific Islander (AAPI) community
, 157
Asian American population
, 15, 148
Asian American Studies Center
, 6–7
Asian Chamber of Commerce–Houston
, 148, 153
Asian community
, 7, 105, 146, 153–154, 158, 162–163, 166–168, 170, 176
Asian Heritage Tour
, 161–162
Asian immigrant population
, 2, 56
Asian Pacific American Heritage Month
, 51
Asian Shopping Village
, 81
Asiatown
, 3–4, 25, 92, 94, 137–139, 142–143, 145, 149–150, 155, 159, 173
Asiatown Community Mural
, 157
Assimilate
, 12, 19, 131, 169
Assimilation
, 11–12, 16, 167, 170–172
classical
, 19–20
reverse cultural
, 170
segmented
, 19, 22–23
of Taiwanese immigrants
, 114
Bank
, 2, 29, 46, 52, 55, 79–80, 86, 97–107
Beechnut Street
, 78, 93, 159
Bellaire Boulevard
, 2–3, 51–52, 57, 59, 71–72, 74–81, 84–86, 90, 92–94, 96–100, 104, 128–130, 137–138, 140–141, 143, 149, 152–156, 158, 160, 165, 171, 173, 175, 177
Bellaire Food Street
, 138–141, 145, 156
Bellaire Medical Plaza
, 87, 138
Beltway 8
, 4, 61, 74–75, 78, 80–81, 84–87, 92–93, 96–97, 137–138, 141–143, 146–147, 158, 165, 173, 175, 177
Bilingual
, 4, 76, 105, 118, 120, 132
Birney, Leeshan Chuang
, 79, 108n12
Black and Hispanic neighborhoods
, 53, 62
Black neighbourhood
, 35, 166
Bo Bo Lang Theatre
, 47–49, 67
Briscoe, Dolph
, 29, 47–48
Buddhism
, 42, 117, 121–123, 125, 133, 135, 170–171
Calvert, Robertson County
, 28
Calvert, Rogene Gee
, 155, 166, 174
Cantonese
, 31, 39, 42, 45, 47, 52, 54, 69n2, 76, 85, 115, 117–120, 138, 141, 151, 167, 171
Century Apartments
, 79, 108n16, 141
Challenges and opportunities
, 172–177
Changing attitudes
, 94–97
Chaozhou (people, dialect and culture)
, 50, 109n31, 126
Chartres Street
, 1–2, 41, 43, 45, 60, 65
Chee Kung Tong
, 30–31, 36n1
Chen, Alice
, 146, 153–154, 165, 167
Chen, Edward K. T.
, 27, 43
Chicago School
, 11–12, 21–23
Chinatown
, 3–5, 7, 13–15, 17, 20, 22–27, 43, 46, 55, 62, 65, 130–135, 137–179
Chinatown Community Development Corporation
, 57–59, 69
Chinatown Map & Directory
, 4
Chinese American Citizens Alliance (C. A. C. A.)
, 43, 46, 168
Chinese American community
, 6, 37, 46, 75, 103, 148, 152, 163, 166–167, 169, 172, 175
Chinese American identity
, 19
Chinese and Asian community
, 7, 154, 162, 168, 170, 176
Chinese architectural design
, 85, 89, 92
Chinese Baptist Church
, 31, 45–46, 118–120, 167
Chinese Benevolent Association
, 13, 30
Chinese Bible Church
, 118, 120
Chinese calligraphy
, 113, 116, 131, 162
Chinese Civic Center
, 112–113
Chinese community
, 1, 7, 10–11, 24, 27, 31, 35, 45–46, 51, 96, 112, 130–131, 149, 151, 153, 155, 161, 164, 167, 168, 171–178
damaging stereotypes
, 17
integrity and intensity
, 16
leaders
, 43
mobilization of
, 168
in San Antonio
, 32
Chinese community activities
, 130, 177
Chinese Community Center
, 7, 112, 115–116, 153, 155, 161, 164, 176
Chinese cultural heritage
, 130
Chinese Culture Center
, 47, 49, 93, 112, 114
Chinese diaspora
, 113, 118, 126–128, 130, 177
Chinese Exclusion Act
, 10, 29, 34–35, 37, 42, 176
Chinese immigrants
, 1, 5, 7–12, 14–16, 18–19, 21–23, 27–28, 35, 39, 69, 79, 119
assimilation
, 12
dispersal
, 18
dispersion
, 16, 53, 117, 130
first-generation
, 168
historical background and conditions
, 9
history and resilience
, 7
middle-class
, 15
refuge for
, 23
in United States
, 12–13
working-class
, 16
Chinese immigration
, 5, 8, 10–14, 17
Chinese language schools
, 115–116, 126, 130–132
Chinese Lunar New Year
, 30, 46, 51, 116
Chinese New Year Celebration
, 42, 46, 112, 152, 176
Chinese New Year Festival
, 46
Chinese population
, 3, 10, 12, 16, 29–32, 36, 39, 46, 53, 111
growth
, 35
in Houston
, 34
Chinese schools
, 21, 131, 165
Chinese Television Channel
, 93
Chinese-inspired architectural design
, 85
Chinese-language TV station
, 129
Christian churches
, 117–118, 123, 126
Chu, William “Bill” P.
, 72, 78
Chung Tai Zen Center of Houston
, 125
Citizenship
, 11, 35, 61
exam
, 112
exam preparation
, 115
City Council
, 51, 68n1, 70n13, 146, 147
City Councilman
, 3–4, 45, 65, 95–96, 110n37, 146, 167
City Councilwoman
, 146, 153–154
City View Terrace
, 61, 63
Collaborative partnerships
, 152
Commerce
, 67, 117, 143–145
Commercial
, 138, 143–148
activities
, 80
offerings
, 152, 171
ownership
, 4
plazas
, 2
strip
, 74
Commercial district
, 4, 52–54, 80, 90, 138
Community centers
, 2, 111–117
Community engagement
, 5–7, 66, 167, 177
Complete Communities initiative
, 143, 150n4, 160
Concord Bank National Association
, 106
Confucian philosophy
, 130
Continental King Lung Group
, 55
Cordes, Asr
, 133–134, 170–171, 173
Corporate Office Plaza
, 82, 90
Councilman
, 95–96, 146, 167
Councilwoman
, 146, 153–154
COVID-19 pandemic
, 146, 152, 154, 176
Culinary
, 7, 17, 126, 140, 152, 163–165, 169
Cultural Center of the Taipei Economic & Cultural Office in Houston
, 113–114
Cultural dissemination
, 128
Cultural heritage
, 46, 112, 126, 130, 161, 177
Cultural identity
, 1, 19, 23, 25, 91, 120, 131, 171, 175
Cultural institutions
, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 173
Cultural performance
, 47, 57, 143
Cultural preservation
, 23, 178
Cultural roots
, 113, 130, 168, 174, 178
Cultural tradition
, 50–51
Deed restriction
, 142–144
Demolition
, 1, 2, 67, 172
Development
, 5, 49, 58, 72, 80, 137–149, 151–152, 157–158, 165–167, 170, 172–176, 178
Diho Plaza
, 2, 74–75, 77–80, 84, 98
Diho Square
, 77–80, 84, 93–94
Disaster response shelter
, 144
Discrimination against Asians
, 95, 154
Diverse
, 5, 55, 104, 144, 156–157, 160–164, 170, 174, 178
Diversity
, 3, 5, 15, 19, 94, 96, 101, 105, 117–118, 120, 137, 144–145, 157–159, 164, 178
cultural
, 164
ethnic and cultural
, 94
geographical
, 101
DMA World Corporation
, 55
Downtown Houston
, 1, 4, 34, 39–40, 43, 50, 61, 69, 128, 169
Dragon and phoenix designs
, 91
Dun Huang Plaza
, 81, 87, 90–91, 146
Duong, Hai Du
, 78, 85, 112
Dynasty Mall
, 79, 84, 87, 100
Dynasty Plaza
, 76, 79–80, 104
Dynasty Supermarket
, 76, 78, 87, 176
EaDo
, 56–57, 62–63, 65–68
board of directors
, 56–57
distinctiveness
, 64
district
, 57
leadership roles in
, 65
redevelopment endeavors
, 71
revitalization
, 66
Early learning program
, 115
East Downtown Houston
, 4, 44, 59, 62, 151
East Downtown Management District
, 56, 69
East end
, 1, 5, 35, 57, 67, 85–86
East West BanCorp
, 102–103, 106
Eastern religious institutions
, 121
Embracing inclusivity
, 140–141
Emergency preparedness
, 144
Enclave
, 1, 13, 18–21, 25, 47, 50–52, 57–58, 62, 64, 74, 78, 85, 95, 126, 152, 164, 175
English as a Second Language
, 115
Ethnic enclave
, 1, 13, 16, 18–22, 47, 50–52, 57–58, 62, 74, 78, 85, 95, 126, 152, 164, 175
Ethnic identity
, 14, 18, 20
Ethnicities
, 3, 92, 115, 120, 131, 138, 156, 163
Everspring Assisted Living
, 149
Halliburton
, 93, 140–142, 144
Happy Village Apartments
, 79
Harris County
, 62, 65, 116, 126, 141, 144, 153, 163, 165
Harry Gee, Jr.
, 41–42, 168, 176
Harwin Drive
, 78, 80, 85, 93, 112
Hilton Garden Inn Houston Westbelt
, 146
Hip Sing Association
, 31, 36n2
Hispanic neighbourhood
, 46, 53, 62
Historical
, 9, 21, 24–25, 28, 62–63, 65, 117, 126, 138, 173
History
, 5, 7, 10, 12–13, 17, 24, 27, 33, 64–66, 160, 163, 174, 177
Homage
, 42, 63, 128, 147, 157
Hong Kong City Mall
, 59, 85–88, 92–93, 112, 153
Hong Kong Development Corp
, 85
Hong Kong Food Market
, 85–87
Hong Kong Market
, 78, 80, 85
HOPE Clinic
, 155–157, 159
Houston 80–20 Asian American Political Action Committee
, 153
Houston and Texas Central Railway
, 151
Houston Apostolic Church
, 118, 120
Houston Association of Chinese Language Schools
, 131
Houston Baptist University
, 73
Houston Chinese Church
, 119–120
Houston Chinese Yellow Pages
, 117, 128, 131
Houston Chronicle
, 6, 32, 48, 58, 137, 157, 163
Houston City Directory
, 33–34
Houston Community College
, 6
Houston History Research Center
, 40
Houston Metropolitan Research Center
, 33
Houston Police Department
, 45, 162
Hua Xia Chinese School
, 82
I-45 rebuild project
, 62, 65
Immigrant
, 19, 21, 39, 43, 45, 53–54, 56, 60, 66, 74–75, 78–79, 84, 90, 93, 95, 101, 105–106, 111, 113–114, 118–119, 121–122, 126, 128, 130–132, 148, 155, 160–161, 165, 168
Immigration
, 10, 12–15, 17, 22–25, 34–35, 37, 41–42, 45, 52, 60, 65, 70, 95, 102, 106, 117, 119, 163, 168
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
, 35, 45, 52–53
Inclusivity
, 4, 22, 117, 141, 156, 161
Independent living
, 148–149
Indian
, 36, 91, 104–105, 137
Influx
, 13, 15–16, 27–29, 31–35, 41, 49–53, 119, 137, 151, 155, 173
Infrastructure improvement
, 59–61
Infrastructure investment
, 152
Institute of Texan Cultures
, 30, 187
Integrate
, 16, 37, 105, 155, 161, 178
Integration
, 6, 12–13, 19, 21–23, 104–105, 115, 155, 157–161, 166, 170–172, 175, 178
International Management District
, 3–4, 130, 153, 158–160, 164
International Trade Center
, 3, 93, 130
Interstate 45
, 48, 61, 65
Investment
, 15, 24, 55, 58, 60, 70, 78, 81, 84, 87, 128, 138, 140, 152, 172–173
Investor
, 60, 75, 79–80, 84, 138
Mainland China
, 16, 55, 112, 119–120, 131, 139
Mandarin
, 2, 55–56, 66, 114–115, 117–119, 120, 132, 135
Mandarin Plaza International Hotel
, 55, 68
Mandarin-speaking
, 117, 119–120
Martial art
, 2, 91, 130–134, 152, 162, 175
Mayor
, 11, 30, 32, 47–48, 65–66, 117, 146, 153–154, 163, 167, 173
Mayor Sylvester Turner
, 66, 117, 146, 153, 163, 173
McKinney Street
, 46, 54, 56, 58, 68, 106
Meditation retreats
, 117, 125
MetroBank
, 94, 99, 100–104
Midtown
, 48, 50–52, 57, 60, 78, 85
Miss Chinatown pageants
, 47
Missouri City
, 80–81, 131
Multicultural
, 5, 7, 137, 152, 155–157, 160, 164–166, 173
Multicultural integration
, 166
Multiculturalism
, 4, 164, 178
Multiethnic
, 6, 57, 115, 120, 157–158, 160, 163, 168, 173, 177
Multiethnic organization
, 115
Multilingual
, 97, 107, 129, 155
Natural evolution
, 68, 145
New Chinatown
, 2–5, 7, 9, 16, 23, 25, 45, 51–52, 59, 65, 71–80, 84, 91–92, 94–97, 106, 111, 113, 117, 119, 120–121, 123, 125, 130–133, 137–139, 140–143, 152–154, 160–177, 172–178
New Chinatown commercial corridor community news weekly
, 72
New York
, 9, 10–13, 14, 17, 19–20, 22, 30, 42–43, 97, 98, 108n29, 122, 140–141
News media
, 61, 128–130, 175–176
Nip, Dan
, 57–62, 64, 67, 69n9, 85
Northwest International Corp
, 67–68
Saigon Houston Plaza
, 52, 92, 104
San Antonio
, 1, 27, 29–32, 56
San Francisco
, 10–13, 22, 30, 43, 69n5, 102, 169, 172–173
San Gabriel Valley
, 19, 20, 72–73
Senate Bill 147 (SB 147)
, 154, 176
Senate Bill 552 (SB 552)
, 154, 176
Shaolin martial art
, 134, 170
Shared heritage
, 127, 166–167
Sharpstown
, 4, 94–96, 135, 151
Sharpstown Management District
, 4, 135n6
Shi, Shaoli “Sally”
, 88–89, 108
Singapore
, 55, 75, 101, 137
Sinkewich, Anton
, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69n10
Social and cultural institutions
, 111–134
Social connections
, 13, 23
Social cultural institutions
, 111–134
Sociocultural and economic capital
, 23, 177
Socioeconomic
, 19, 23, 25
Socioeconomic mobility
, 19, 23
Southern Chinese Daily News
, 129
Southern Chinese Newspapers Publishing Company
, 128
Southern News Group
, 6, 92–93, 117, 128–131
Southern Pacific Railroad
, 29–31
Southwest Chinese Journal
, 47, 128
Southwest Houston Redevelopment Authority (TIRZ 20)
, 96
Southwest Management District
, 4, 124, 135, 153, 159–162, 165–166
Southwest Realty Group
, 90
Southwestern National Bank
, 86, 104–105
St. Emanuel Street
, 1, 45, 58–59, 61
Stafford
, 52, 131, 146, 153–154
Sterling Plaza
, 87–91, 123, 147, 154, 157
Sugar Land
, 36, 99, 109, 131, 167, 172, 174
Sun Deluxe Café
, 42, 46, 169
SunBlossomLouiseville Apartments
, 79
Sunshine Community Center
, 148, 173
Supplementary education system
, 30–134
Sustainability
, 141, 143–145, 157, 159
Sustainable
, 53, 144–145, 175, 178
T. T. & W. F. Chao Senior Center
, 116
Tai Chi
, 115, 133, 134, 135n14
Taiwan
, 2, 16, 35–36, 53, 55, 73, 75, 79, 80–81, 84, 92, 98, 101–102, 112–114, 117, 119, 120, 123, 125, 128, 139, 149, 167
Taiwanese American organizations
, 114
Taiwanese Community Center
, 112, 114–115
Taiwanese Heritage Society
, 114
Taoist and Chinese vernacular faith temples
, 117
Tax Increment Reinvestment Zone
, 59
Teo Chew
, 51, 92, 109n31, 126–128, 132, 135n8, 135n10–135n12
Texas 6
, 85, 98–99, 102, 105–106, 109, 112, 115, 120–121, 123, 125–128, 138, 141, 146, 149, 151, 153–154, 176
Texas and Pacific Railway
, 30
Texas Buddhist Association
, 121, 123–125
Texas Chinese Television
, 129
Texas Department of Transportation
, 61
Texas Eastern Corp
, 69n10
Texas Eastern Transmission Corp
, 48
Texas Frist National Bank
, 79, 98–99, 102, 105
Texas Highway 6
, 133, 138, 149, 173
Texas Teo Chew Temple
, 126–128, 135n12
Third Ward
, 39, 52, 68n1, 166
TIRZ
, 59–60, 62, 65, 70n13, 96
Tourist
, 12, 34, 94, 97, 111, 162, 166
Tradition
, 10, 11, 12, 42–43, 46, 118, 133, 152–153, 157–158, 170, 173
Traditional
, 11, 14–17, 30, 37, 47, 63, 65, 74, 85–86, 88–89, 91–93, 102–104, 120–123, 127, 131, 133, 139, 140, 158–159, 162, 171–172
Transformation
, 5, 7, 12–13, 15, 23, 25, 27, 64, 77, 118, 156, 160, 166, 172, 177
Transnational religious institution
, 125
Turner, Sylvester
, 66, 117, 153, 163, 173
Tzu Chi
, 123–124, 134n3, 164