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Prelims

Investigating Spatial Inequalities

ISBN: 978-1-78973-942-8, eISBN: 978-1-78973-941-1

Publication date: 29 November 2019

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(2019), "Prelims", Håkansson, P.G. and Bohman, H. (Ed.) Investigating Spatial Inequalities, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-xxi. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78973-941-120191016

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Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2020 Selection and editorial matter Peter G. Håkansson and Helena Bohman. Published under exclusive licence. Individual chapters authors

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INVESTIGATING SPATIAL INEQUALITIES

Title Page

INVESTIGATING SPATIAL INEQUALITIES

Mobility, Housing and Employment in Scandinavia and South-East Europe

EDITED BY

PETER GLADOIĆ HÅKANSSON

Malmo University, Sweden

HELENA BOHMAN

Malmo University, Sweden and K2 – The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Sweden

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

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Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2020

Copyright © 2020 Selection and editorial matter © Peter G. Håkansson and Helena Bohman. Published under exclusive licence. Individual chapters © authors.

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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-78973-942-8 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-78973-941-1 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-78973-943-5 (EPub)

List of Figures

Chapter 2
Figure 2.1. The Conceptual Model in Sweden 1985–2014. 24
Figure 2.2 a–c. Employment rates and house prices: (a) 1985–1992, (b) 1993–2008, and (c) 2009–2014. 26
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1. Population Growth Rate in Labour Market Regions over the Period 1970–2017. 34
Figure 3.2. Absolute and Relative Population Growth in Groups of Municipalities of Different Sizes, 1970–2017. 36
Figure 3.3. Absolute and Relative Population Growth in Municipalities of Different Centrality Classification. 38
Figure 3.4. Changes in the Distribution of the Population between the Municipalities, Relative to the Situation in 1970. 39
Figure 3.5. The Percentage Population Growth for the Different Categories of Municipalities over the Period 1970–2017. 43
Figure 3.6. The Number of Jobs per Worker over the Period 2000–2017. 44
Figure 3.7. The Observed Relationship between the Average Unemployment Rates and the Percentage Population Growth over the Period 2000–2016. (a) All Norwegian Municipalities. (b) Municipalities in the Bergen Region. 49
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1. GDP, Percentage of EU-28 Total per Capita (based on purchasing power standards). 57
Figure 4.2. Real GDP Growth in the Selected Countries (2000 = 100). 58
Figure 4.3. Average Population Change by Municipalities/Cities in Croatia and Serbia – Deviation from the National Average. 61
Figure 4.4. Relative Population Growth in Croatia and Serbia. 62
Figure 4.5. Left: Croatia, Right: Serbia. Relative Population Growth in Croatia and Serbia in Eight Municipality Categories. 67
Figure 4.6. (a) Maps Comparing Placement of Category 1, 5, and 7 Municipalities in Croatia and Serbia. (b) Maps Comparing Placement of Category 2, 4, and 8 Municipalities in Croatia and Serbia. 68
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1. GDP per Capita in 1990 PPP, 1952–2008. 76
Figure 5.2. GDP (PPP) per Capita, Constant 2011 International $, for the Period 1995–2016. 77
Figure 5.3. Night-time Light in the Former Yugoslavia Observed in 1992 and 2013. 79
Figure 5.4. Sum of Light for Bosnia and Herzegovina. 83
Figure 5.5. Sum of Light for Serbia and Kosovo. 83
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1. Country-level WGI (average of four indicators) for Croatia, Norway, Serbia, and Sweden in the Period 2002–2017. 94
Figure 6.2. Rule of Law Measures for Croatia and Serbia, 2002–2017. 96
Figure 6.3. Control of Corruption Measures for Croatia and Serbia, 2002–2017. 98
Figure 6.4. Government Effectiveness in Croatia and Serbia, 2002–2017. 100
Figure 6.5. Voice & Accountability in Croatia and Serbia, 2002–2017. 101
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1. Transaction Process According to the Conceptual Model in Croatia and Sweden. 134
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1. Timeline of General Public Events and Housing Market Changes. 161
Figure 10.2. Housing Tenure, 2007–2012, Croatia, EU28 and EU12 (%). 166
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1. Employment Rates for Men (left), Women (middle) and Gender Gap of Employment (right), 1990–2017 in all three countries. 185
Figure 11.2. National Out-commuter Rates for Sweden, 1993–2016, Norway 2000–2014 and Serbia 1990, 2001 and 2011. 187
Figure 11.3. Out-Commuting by Region and Gender in the three countries. 189
Figure 11.4. Gender Commuter Gaps in Sweden, Norway and Serbia, Calculated on Out-commuting Rates. 190
Figure 11.5. The Development of Commuter Gender Gaps in Sweden, Norway and Serbia. 191
Figure 11.6. Distributions of Out-commuting Rates in Norway, Sweden and Serbia, for Men and Women, Respectively. Density Kernel Functions, Epanechnikov Functions. 193
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1. Model Recommendation for 2010 and Actual Migration Rate for Period 2010–2015. 209

List of Tables

Chapter 1
Table 1.1. NUTS and LAU Levels, 2013. 8
Chapter 2
Table 2.1. A Conceptual Model of Non-equilibrium on Two Markets Simultaneously. 20
Table 2.2. Descriptive Statistics Employment and House Prices by Period 1 to 3. 27
Table 2.3. Tests of Variance for Employment and House Prices by Period 1 to 3. 28
Chapter 3
Table 3.1. Summarized Information about Different Categories of Municipalities. 42
Chapter 4
Table 4.1. Summary of the Categorization of Municipalities in Croatia. 64
Table 4.2. Summary of the Categorization of Municipalities in Serbia. 65
Chapter 5
Table 5.1. Sum of Night-time Light and Night-time Light Area (sum of light/km2) in the Period 1992–2002. 81
Chapter 7
Table 7.1. Relevant Criteria: Better Aligning Policies and Programmes to Local Economic Development. 113
Chapter 8
Table 8.1. Fees and Taxes in Croatia and Sweden. 136
Chapter 10
Table 10.1. Average Price and Quantity of New Dwellings Sold, without Subsidized Construction. 168
Chapter 11
Table 11.1. Descriptive Statistics of Norway, Republic of Serbia and Sweden (LAU 2 level). 183
Chapter 12
Table 12.1. Table of Indicators. 204
Table 12.2. Thresholds and Weights for Each Criterion. 206
Table 12.3. Characteristic Alternatives for Each Category of Migration Potential. 206
Table 12.4. Migration Potential Classification for 2010 and Net Migration Rates 2011–2015. 207

List of Box

Chapter 7
Box 7.1. Initiatives for Improving Cooperation and Coordination in Local-level Employment Programmes. 116

About the Editors

Helena Bohman, Institute of Urban Research and Department of Urban Studies, Malmö University, and K2 The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, holds a PhD in Economics. Her current research focuses on effects of investments in infrastructure with a specific interest in distributional aspects. In ongoing research projects she investigates residential mobility and neighbourhood development, and she has published, e.g., in Journal of Transport Geography and Telecommunications Policy.

Peter Gladoić Håkansson, Institute of Urban Research and Department of Urban Studies, Malmö University, is Associate Professor in Economic History. Håkansson’s area of research is labour market change from institutional and structural perspectives. In his dissertation from 2011 Youth Unemployment – Transition Regimes, Institutional Change and Social Capital he analysed school-to-work and youth unemployment from a network recruitment perspective in Sweden. In his recent research, he studies labour market mobility in the new service- and knowledge-based society. Håkansson has a vast experience from South East Europe, and has written several studies about trust in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

About the Authors

Magnus Andersson, Malmö University, Sweden, is Associate Professor in Economic Geography and Advisor on sustainable development for the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. His research focuses on socio-economic development on context with limited access to official statistics and draws primarily on data collected from household surveys and remote sensing data.

Mihail Arandarenko is Professor of Economics at University of Belgrade, Serbia He teaches Labour Economics and has published on issues of labour markets, employment programmes, political economy and social policy, especially in the context of difficult socio-economic transformation in South Eastern Europe.

Predrag Bejaković, Institute of Public Finance, Croatia, took PhD at the Economics Faculty in Zagreb on the topic socio-economic and demographic determinants of employment in Croatia. His main fields of interests are labour economics, pension system and education. He collaborated in different project related to educational system, labour market and pension system.

Bo Bengtsson, Uppsala University and Malmö University, Sweden, is a Senior Professor in Political Science, especially housing and urban politics. He has published numerous monographs, edited books and articles on housing policy, politics and institutions, in historical, theoretical and internationally comparative perspectives.

Salvatore Corrente is a Researcher on Mathematical Methods of Economics, Finance and Actuarial Science at the University of Catania, Italy, where he teaches General Mathematics (Degree in Economics). He is graduated in Mathematics and he holds a PhD in Applied Mathematics. His research area is Multiple Criteria Decision Aiding (MCDA) and his main expertise includes Robust Ordinal Regression and Stochastic Multicriteria Acceptability Analysis.

Maja Jandrić, University of Belgrade, Serbia, holds a PhD in Macroeconomics. In her dissertation “Flexibility and Security in the Labour Market: Influence on Unemployment in Transition Countries” she analysed different labour market issues, mainly from institutional and economic policy aspects. Her main field of expertise is concerned with macroeconomic analysis, economic policy and labour economics.

Ola Jingryd, Malmö University, Sweden, Doctor of Laws (LL.D), is a Senior Lecturer in Law & Real Estate Science. His research focuses on legal and interdisciplinary aspects of real estate and the housing market, particularly the conveyance of real estate and the professionals involved in such transactions.

Peter Karpestam, Malmö University, Sweden, holds a PhD in Economics. His PhD thesis from 2009 explores economic consequences of migration. Karpestam has also performed research about greenhouse gas emissions, determinants of house prices and the link between housing and mobility.

Souknilanh Keola, Institute of Developing Economics – Japan External Trade Organization (IDE-JETRO), Japan, is a Research Fellow, presently assigned to Bangkok Research Center in Thailand. His current research interest is regional development and the application of remote sensing data in economic research. He received an MA in Economics from Nagoya University in 1999.

Lana Kordić, University of Split, Faculty of Economics, Business and Tourism, Croatia, holds the PhD in Economics on the topic Influence of the private sector involvement on the effectiveness and efficiency of health care provision. Her main fields of research and teaching are public sector economics, health economics, public–private partnership and industrial policy.

Dejan Molnar, University of Belgrade, Serbia, holds a PhD in Regional Economics from Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade from 2013 (dissertation topic: “Regional Inequalities and Economic Growth: Example of Serbia”). His basic fields of interest and research are local and regional economic development, urban economics, energy economics and creative economy.

Željko Mrnjavac, Professor of Economics at University of Split, Faculty of Economics, Business and Tourism, Croatia, holds the PhD in Economics on the topic Measurement of Unemployment. His main fields of research and teaching are economics of the labour market, economic policy, industrial policy and social policy.

Danijel Nestić is a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Economics, Zagreb, Croatia. He obtained his PhD in Economics at the University of Zagreb in 2002 with a dissertation on income inequality in Croatia. His research interests include poverty, inequality and wage policy. Specialist themes include the minimum wage, industrial relations and pensions.

Liv Osland is a Professor of Economics at the Western Norway University of Applied Sciences. Her dissertation from 2008 studied spatial variation in housing prices in a regional setting. She has published papers in the fields of housing and regional economics, applied spatial econometrics, environmental economics and cost–benefit analyses.

Peter Palm, Malmö University and Chairman of the Division of Property Valuation, Sweden, holds a PhD in Infrastructure specialised in Real Estate Economics. Palm’s research has a main focus on the real estate market and values on the real estate market.

Blanka Šimundić, University of Split, Faculty of Economics, Business and Tourism, Croatia, holds the PhD in Economics on the topic Macroeconomic determinants of international tourism demand and its effects on destinations’ economic performance. Besides the economics of tourism Šimundić’s research fields are economic policy, regional economics and transport economics.

Mladen Stamenković, University of Belgrade, Serbia, obtained his PhD in Economics in 2016. His PhD thesis titled “Multiple Criteria Decision Aiding in Economics of Education Management and Optimization” deals with the topics in economics by using novel methodological approach from operational research perspective, more precisely, multiple criteria decision aiding methods.

Inge Thorsen is a Professor of Urban and Regional Economics at Western Norway University of Applied Sciences. His areas of research are spatial interaction modelling, spatial general equilibrium models, regional labour markets, urban and regional housing markets, and regional growth.

Acknowledgements

This book is an outcome of the project “Persistent Unemployment on Local Labour Markets and Local Development” that took place during 2017 and 2018 with financial support from Riksbankens Jubileumsfond. We have also earned support from the research platform Spatial Analysis of Accessibility, Real Estate and Labour Market (SAAREL). With the project as a starting point, a Special Session was organized at ERSA 2018 in Cork. Chapters have also been presented at Malmö Real Estate Conference 2018. Many people have participated during this process. We are grateful for comments by Bence Boje-Kovacs, Anna Granath Hansson, Fredrik Kopsch, Ari Kokko, Christina Lindkvist Scholten and Peter Parker, participating as discussants at these conferences and other workshops. We are, of course, also very grateful for all participation by the authors discussing chapters and sharing ideas at conferences, workshops and other occasions.

We would also like to thank Matthew Gareth Bevan, Christos Bountzouklis and Morten Frisch for excellent research assistance, and Jasmin Salih and Damian Finnegan for language editing. All remaining errors are ours.

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