Index

Citation

Garrett, B. (2018), "Index", Empirical Nursing, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 271-283. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78743-813-220181012

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2018 Bernie Garrett

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INDEX

Abduction

, 29, 75

Abductive reasoning

, 16–17, 28–29

Abelard, Peter

, 81

Absolute idealism

, 82

Absolute risk reduction (ARR)

, 171

Action research

, 157–158

Activism, in science

, 102

Activities of daily living (ADL) model

, 244

Addams, Jane

, 41

Ad hominem

, 211

Ad ignorantiam

, 212

Aesthetic knowledge

, 106, 108

Aether

, 18, 64

Against Method

, 102

Age of Enlightenment

, 19–20

mathematical probability

, 20–21

a priori and a posteriori knowledge

, 22–23

rationalism

, 21–22

Alpha (α)

, 170

Alternative hypothesis (H _a)

, 167

Analytical philosophy

, 36

Analytic-synthetic distinction theory

, 38–39

Ancient Egyptians

, 13–14

Ancient science

, 13–15

Andreski, Stanislav

, 117

Angell, Ian

, 109

Ante rem

, 80

Anti-realism

arguments

, 81–83

criticism

, 83

intuitionists

, 80–81

problem of universals

, 80

Anti-realists argue

, 75

Appeal to divinity

, 115–116

A posteriori

, 22–23, 38, 239–241

A priori

, 21–23, 34, 38, 39, 69, 80, 82, 103, 239–241

Aquinas, Thomas

, 81

Arabic science

, 18

Argument from the continuum

, 72

Aristotle

, 15

Arnold, Matthew

, 69

Assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation (ADPIE)

, 244

Assumption of generalisation

, 25–26

Assumption of uniformity

, 26

A System of Logic (1843)

, 34

Axial coding

, 153

Bacon, Roger

, 16

Bad science

, 209–210

Bandolier

, 138

Bandura, Albert

, 99–100

Barnes, David

, 64

Baudrillard, Jean

, 102

Bayes’ theorem

, 202–203

Bayes, Thomas

, 20, 21, 199

Beginnings of science

, 13–15

Being and Nothingness

, 92

Being and Time

, 91

Benner, Patricia

, 9

Bentham, Jeremy

, 34

Berger, Peter

, 100

Berkley, George

, 20, 23, 42

Bernard, Claude

, 231

Bernoulli, Jacob

, 20

Bertrand, Joseph

, 199

Beta (β)

, 170

Biased memory

, 194

Black Death

, 16

Blobogram

, 136

Bloor, David

, 102

Borges, Jorge Luis

, 87

Boyd, Richard

, 72

Brahmagupta

, 15

Brentano, Franz

, 90

Bricmont, Jean

, 117, 118

Bridgman, Peter Williams

, 76

British Empiricism

, 23

Bruner, Jerome

, 99–100

Buchenwald

, 120

Buddhism

, 82

Bullshit (BS)

, 209

Butler, Judith

, 98

Calcul des Probabilités

, 199

Campbell, Donald

, 148

Canadian Holistic Nursing Association’s website (CHNA, 2018)

, 89

Caring

, 111–112

Caritas

, 114–115

Carper, Barbara

, 106

Cartesian doubt

, 21

Cartesian duality

, 91, 115

Case studies

, 139, 140

Causality

, 26, 55–56

Causal mechanical (C-M) model

, 60–61

Central limit theorem

, 21, 157, 159, 160

Checkerboard illusion

, 189

Chinese Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge

, 87

Christianity & science

, 16

Classical antiquity

, 14

Classical Empiricism. See British Empiricism

Classical pragmatism

, 40–42

Classic probability

, 21

Client of nursing

, 241

Clinical significance

, 170–171

C-M model. See Causal mechanical (C-M) model

Cochrane, Archie

, 131, 132, 179

Cochrane Collaboration

, 136

Cochrane Database of systematic reviews

, 135

Coding (qualitative data analysis)

, 150, 151, 153

Cognition

, 102, 109, 114, 188, 190–191, 195

Colquhoun, David

, 225–226

Columbus, Christopher

, 17

Complexism

, 79–80

Complexity science

, 78

Complexity theory

, 79

Comte, Auguste

, 35

Concepts

, 134–135

Confidence interval/level

, 174–175

Confirmability

, 147, 148

Confirmation bias

, 34, 42, 193, 194, 197

Concurrent validity

, 145–146

Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT)

, 139

Construct

, 135

Constructivism

, 90, 98–100

Constructivist rationales, supporters

, 90

Construct validity

, 145–146

Contemporary health care

, 5–6

Content validity

, 145

Continental Rationalism. See Rationalism

Conventional wisdom of the dominant group (COWDUNG)

, 233–234

Convergent validity

, 146

Copenhagen Interpretation

, 49, 50

Copernicus, Nicolaus

, 19, 46, 47

Copi, Irving Marmer

, 37

Corbin, Juliet

, 153

Correspondence theory

, 71

Cotranscendance

, 114

Counter-intuitive

, 48, 50, 103, 169, 178, 201

Credibility

, 148

Criterion-referenced validity

, 145

Critical rationalism

, 44–45

Critical theory

, 96–97

Criticism

, 135

Criticism of anti-realism

, 83

Criticism of scientific realism

, 73–75

The Critique of Pure Reason (1781)

, 23

Cross-sectional studies

, 140

Culture

, 2–3, 13, 15, 16, 18, 24, 41, 69, 91, 95, 97, 98, 102, 106–109, 111, 120–122, 149, 152, 204, 215, 220, 252

Dasein

, 91

Database of the Abstracts of Effects (DARE)

, 138

da Vinci, Leonardo

, 18–19

Davy, Humphrey

, 33

Dawkins, Richard

, 117

De Architecture

, 18

Deconstruction

, 103–105

Deductive logic laws

, 28

Deductive-Nomological Model (D-N Model)

, 39, 56–57

Deductive reasoning

, 16–17, 27–28

Deductive statistical model (D-S model)

, 57

Deleuze, Gilles

, 102

Demetis, Dionysios

, 109

Dependability

, 147–148

Derrida, Jacques

, 95, 102, 103–104

Descartes, René

, 16, 20–24, 38, 83, 103

Descriptive statistics

, 151, 158–159

Destruktion

, 104

Detachment

, 28

Determinism

, 55–56, 65

Dewey, John

, 41

Dilthey, Wilhelm

, 93

Discriminant validity

, 146

Discriminating practice

, 224–225

Divergent validity

, 146

Divine

, 111–112

Divinity

, 112, 115–116

D-N Model. See Deductive-Nomological Model (D-N Model)

Donald, Anna

, 132

Dossey, Barbara

, 85–86, 115

D-S model. See Deductive statistical model (D-S model)

Dualism

, 85

Duhem–Quine thesis

, 45

Duns Scoutus, John

, 81

Durkheim, Émile

, 35, 87–88

Dynamic systems

, 78–79

Dyspraxis

, 8

Early Babylonians

, 14

Eco, Umberto

, 103, 118

Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Services

, 131

Einstein, Albert

, 48, 49, 50, 56, 63, 65, 142, 237

Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) Paradox

, 49–50

Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1912)

, 35–36

Empirical knowledge

, 106, 107

Empirical non-realism

, 75

Empiricism

, 23–24

Enlightenment, Age of

, 19–20

mathematical probability

, 20–21

a priori and a posteriori knowledge

, 22–23

rationalism

, 21–22

Enlightenment thinkers. See Enlightenment, Age of

Entity realism

, 72

Environment

, 242–244

Epidemiological statistics

, 200–202

Epiphenomena

, 86

Epistemology

, 3–4, 187

Ethical knowledge

, 106, 107

Ethics, in social sciences

, 120–122

Ethnography

, 152

Evidence-based practice (EBP)

, 1–2, 6, 131, 132, 138, 179, 197, 236–237

clinical decisions

, 131

concepts

, 134–135

construct

, 135

criticism

, 135, 179–180

definition

, 131

dependability

, 147–148

evidence pyramid

, 133–141

implementation models

, 134

modern

, 131

nursing academics and practitioners

, 132

process

, 132–133

qualitative research methods

, 149–156

quantitative research methods. See Quantitative research methods

realist evaluation methodology

, 137

reliability

, 142–144

research methods

, 148–149

semantics

, 179–180

theory

, 134

transferability

, 147–148

validity

, 144–147

Euclid, of Alexandria

, 22

Eupraxis

, 8

Existentialism

, 91

Experiment

, 4, 15, 16, 18, 24, 27, 34, 37, 40, 41, 43, 44, 49, 57, 69, 84, 120, 121, 139, 141, 144, 146, 153, 157–158, 177, 191–197, 199, 202, 221, 223, 235

Expert opinion

, 2, 133, 140–141

Explanation vs. prediction

, 119–120

External validity

, 146–147

Extra-sensory perception (ESP)

, 188

Face value

, 145

Faith healing

, 216, 222–224

Fallacies of reasoning

, 210–215

Falsifiability

, 42–43

Falsity

, 191–192

Fascism

, 179

Fashionable Nonsense (1998)

, 45

Feigl, Herbert

, 76

Feinstein, Alvan

, 132

Feminism

, 98, 105

Feminist epistemology

, 97

Feminist interpretivist approaches

, 97–99

Feminist standpoint theory

, 98

Fermat, Pierre de

, 20, 21

Feyerabend, Paul

, 102–103

Feynman, Richard

, 49, 51, 117

Fineout-Overholt, Ellen

, 133

Fisher, Ronald

, 167, 168, 177–178

Focus groups

, 150, 152, 162

Forest plot diagram

, 136

Foucault, Michel

, 92, 98, 100, 102, 110

Frankfurt, Harry

, 209–210

Freire, Paulo

, 7

Friedman, Michael

, 63

Frisch, Noreen

, 86, 112

Gadamer, Hans-Georg

, 93–95

Galileo

, 47

Galton, Francis

, 189

Gauss, Carl Friedrich

, 159

Gaussian distribution

, 157, 161

George, Simmel

, 90

German idealism

, 36, 82–83

Gestalt

, 88

Giddens, Anthony

, 96

Glaser, Barney

, 153

Goldacre, Ben

, 19, 190, 221, 223, 225

Goodman, Nelson

, 81

The Grand Design (2010)

, 51

Greek science

, 4, 7, 8, 18, 43, 81, 166

Grounded theory

, 152–154

Guattari, Felix

, 117–118

The Guattari Reader

, 117–118

Guyatt, David

, 132

Habermas, Jürgen

, 95

Hacking, Ian

, 72

Harding, Susan

, 98

Harman, Gilbert

, 75

Hartshorne, Charles

, 81

Hawking, Stephen

, 117

Health

, 238–239

Health impact assessment (HIA) tools

, 239

Heidegger, Martin

, 93

Helicobacter Pylori

, 47

Hempel, Carl Gustav

, 26, 38, 39, 56–57, 62

Hermeneutics

, 92–96, 101, 109

Heterodoxy

, 234

Hills, Marcia

, 89

Hippocrates of Kos

, 5

Historicality

, 95

Hitchcock, Christopher

, 61

HIV/AIDS denialism

, 221–222

Holism

, 87–89

Holistic Nursing

, 85

Homan’s hypothesis

, 59

Homeopathy

, 115, 217

Horkheimer, Max

, 96

How to Make Our Ideas Clear

, 8

Human becoming

, 113–114

Human knowledge

, 23

Human mind sensibility

, 82

Human well-being

, 238–239

Hume, David

, 20, 23–24, 26, 28, 35, 42, 50, 59, 65, 74, 77, 154, 215, 234, 239–240

Hume’s guillotine

, 215, 234

Husserl, Edmund

, 91–92

Huygens, Christian

, 20

Hypothesis

, 3, 6, 14, 20, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 37, 43–45, 47, 48, 59, 65, 74, 141, 142, 149, 155, 157, 158, 161, 166–171, 176–179, 193, 209, 223, 224

Hypothetico-deductive model

, 24

Ibn al-Haytham

, 15

Idealism

, 82

Ideal scientific theory

, 70

Immunisation scares

, 218–221

Implementing care

assessment

, 244–247

diagnosis

, 247–249

implementation evaluation and planning care

, 249

Indian science

, 15

Induction

, 23, 25–28, 42, 45, 51, 71, 73, 75, 142, 212, 214

Induction, problem of

, 23, 25–27, 42, 51, 71, 142

Inductive reasoning

, 16–17, 24–25

Inductive Statistical Model (I-S Model)

, 57–59

Inference

, 21, 24, 25, 27, 42, 43, 57, 71, 73, 75, 139, 157, 161, 177, 190, 210, 252

Inference to the best explanation

, 75

Inferential statistics

, 147, 158–161, 236

In re

, 80

Instrumentalism

, 41, 76

Integral nursing

, 115

Intellectual thinkers

, 13

Intentionality

, 90–91

Intercessory prayer

, 43, 223–224

Internal consistency

, 143–144

Internal realism

, 81

Internal validity

, 144–145

Interpretivism

, 99, 148

Interpretivist

, 90, 120

critical theory

, 96–97

feminist inquiry

, 97–99

hermeneutics

, 92–96

intentionality

, 90–91

phenomenology

, 91–92

social constructionism

, 99–100

supporters

, 90

Inter-rater reliability

, 143

Intersubjectivity

, 92

Interval level data

, 159

Interview(ing)

, 150, 152, 155, 156

An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing

, 112

Intuition/deduction thesis

, 107

Intuitive knowing

, 188

cognition and memory

, 190–191

cognitive bias

, 193–198

confirmation

, 193–197

falsity

, 191–192

perception

, 188–189

probability

, 197, 199–203

regression to mean

, 189–190

In Vivo (animal) studies

, 140, 222

I-S Model. See Inductive Statistical Model (I-S Model)

Islamic science

, 15, 16

Italian Renaissance

, 17

Jackson, Frank

, 84

James, William

, 40–41

Journal of Holistic Science

, 89

Kant, Immanuel

, 22–23

Keegan, Lynn

, 112, 179

Keppler, Johannes

, 20

Kerlinger, fred

, 148–149

Kermode, Stephen

, 231

Kierkegaard, Søren Aabye

, 91

Kircher, Phillip

, 63

Knowable a priori

, 22–23

Koffka, Kurt

, 88

Köhler, Wolfgang

, 88

Kuhn, Thomas

, 34, 46–48, 64, 75, 77, 94, 96, 102, 103, 104, 142

Kurtosis

, 157, 160–161

Kurzweil, Ray

, 235–236

Laboratory studies

, 140

Lakatos, Imre

, 48

Laplace, Pierre Simon

, 56

Laplace’s Demon

, 56

The Law of Detachment

, 28

The Law of Syllogism

, 28

Leddy, Susan

, 89

Leibniz, Gottfried

, 20, 22

Let’s Make a Deal

, 197

Lewin, Kurt

, 157–158

Lister, Joseph

, 5

Locke, John

, 20, 23, 24, 42, 210

Logical reasoning errors

, 210

adverse consequences argument

, 211

appeal to authority

, 212

appeal to common practice

, 213

appeal to conviction

, 213

argument from fallacy

, 214

begging the question

, 212

circular reasoning

, 212

denial of causation

, 213

fallacy of accident

, 211

fallacy of ad hoc reasoning

, 211

fallacy of ad hominem

, 211

fallacy of ad ignorantiam

, 212

fallacy of correlation not causation

, 213

fallacy of division

, 213

fallacy of exception

, 214

false analogy

, 214

false continuum

, 214

inconsistency

, 214

moving goalpost

, 214–215

naturalistic fallacy

, 215

‘Logical’ fallacy

, 210

Logical positivism

, 36–40

Logical positivists

, 36, 37, 39, 42–43, 45, 56, 70, 72, 76, 86, 96

The Logic of Modern Physics

, 76

Logik der Forschung

, 42

Luckmann, Thomas

, 100

Luhmann, Nicklas

, 110

Lyotard, Jean Francois

, 102

Mach, Ernst

, 50, 76, 77

Man-living-Health

, 113

Map of problematique

, 117–119

Margaret Newman’s theory

, 113

“Mary the scientist” thought experiment

, 84

Marx, Karl

, 7, 96

Materialistic monism

, 84

Maxwell, Grover

, 72

Maxwell, James

, 63

Mean error

, 159

Meaning

, 114

Medieval science

, 15–17

Medieval world

, 15–17

Melnyk, Barbara

, 133

Memory

, 18, 34, 79, 171, 172, 190–191, 194, 204

Meno

, 14

Mesopotamian people

, 13

Meta-analysis

, 135, 136, 179

Meta-Narrative Analysis

, 137, 155–156

Metaphysics

, 69–70

Meta-synthesis

, 137

Method slurring

, 156

Miasma

, 64

Milgram experiment on obedience

, 121

Milgram, Stanley

, 121, 122

Mill, John Stuart

, 34–35, 153, 210

Mind-body problem

, 83–85

Mode 1 & 2 knowledge

, 157–158

Modern feminist pragmatists

, 105

Modernism

, 103

Modern medicine

, 19

Modern scientific thinking

Popper’s legacy

, 45–46

post-positivism

, 42–46

pragmatism

, 40–42

Moivre, Abram de

, 21, 159

Monism

, 84–85

Monty

, 199

Monty Hall problem

, 197, 199–200

Moore, George Edward

, 215

Multi-faceted metaphysical conceptualisations

, 77

Mystical holism

, 89

Naïve falsifiability

, 43

Naïve realism

, 23, 73, 188

Narrative analysis

, 155–156

Naturopaths/naturopathy

, 2, 64

Nazi science

, 39, 120, 211

Neo-pragmatism

, 42, 105–109

Neurath, Otto

, 84

Newton, Isaac

, 20, 23

Neyman, Jerzey

, 167, 170, 177–178

Nietzsche, Friedrich

, 91

Nightingale, Florence

, 6, 89, 112

Nominal data

, 159

Nominalism. See Anti-realism

No miracles argument

, 71, 72, 73

Non-probability sampling

, 162

Non-realism category

, 78

Non-science

, 43, 46, 207–208, 222, 226

Non-sequitur

, 215, 221

Normal science

, 34, 77

Null hypothesis

, 167–170, 176–178

Number needed to treat (NNT)

, 173–174

Nursing

, 187

bad science

, 209–210

changing nature

, 232–235

definition

, 238

discriminating practice

, 224–225

epistemology

, 3–4

evidence-based practice

, 236–237

see also Evidence-based practice (EBP)

impact of technology

, 235–236

logical errors and reasoning fallacies

, 210–215

new pragmatism

, 249–251

non-science

, 207–208

pragmatic health care

, 236–237

pragmatism

, 8–9

praxis

, 7–8

problematic practice

, 218–224

pseudo-science

, 208

quasi-science

, 209

regulating practice

, 225–226

Scotsman fallacy

, 215–218

science

, 6–7

technology in

, 4–5

theory

, 9

Nursing care

, 241–242

Nursing Philosophy

, 4

Observation

, 4, 5, 6, 13, 16, 18, 19, 23–27, 36–37, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 71, 72, 74–76, 78, 90, 109, 119, 135, 139–141, 143, 150, 152, 157–158, 161, 176, 214, 239

Occam’s razor

, 16, 63

Ockham, William of

, 16, 81

Odds ratio (OR)

, 172–173

On the Fabric of the Human Body

, 19

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

, 19

Ontology

, 7, 38, 91, 113, 114

Open coding

, 153

Operationalism

, 76

Ordinal data

, 159

Orwell, George

, 195

Pandimensionality

, 112

Paradigm

, 34, 46–49, 51, 75, 77, 86, 90, 94–97, 99, 100, 103, 115, 120, 122, 123, 137, 142, 149, 155, 157, 180, 207, 233, 241

Paradox of enquiry. See Meno

Parallel forms of reliability

, 143

Parse, Rosemarie Rizzo

, 85, 89, 112, 113, 241

Pascal, Blaise

, 20, 21

Patterns of knowing

, 106

Pearson, Egon

, 167, 170, 177–178

Peirce, Charles Sanders

, 8, 21, 27, 29, 40, 41, 42, 75, 76, 153, 237

Peplau, Hidegard

, 244

Perception

, 16, 22, 23, 24, 35, 70, 71, 74, 77, 78, 81, 88, 90, 91, 107, 109, 122, 150, 154, 155, 188–189, 194

Personal knowledge

, 106, 107–108

Pessimistic induction

, 73, 214

Pessimistic meta-induction argument. See Criticism of scientific realism

Phenomenalism

, 80

Phenomenology

, 91–92

Phenomenography

, 155

Phillip

, 63

Philosophae Naturalis Principia Mathematica

, 20

Philosophical Investigations

, 38

Physicalism

, 84, 85

Physics

, 15, 33, 36, 48–51, 65, 109–110, 117, 150

Piaget, Jean

, 99–100

Planck, Max

, 48, 65

Plato

, 14–15

Pluralism

, 80, 103, 105, 114

Poincaré, Henri

, 50, 73

Popper, Karl

critical rationalism

, 44–45

falsifiability

, 42–43

scientific legacy

, 45–46

Positivism

, 35–36

logical

, 36–40

Post-hoc ergo propter hoc

, 216

The Postmodern Condition

, 102

Postmodernism

, 98, 100–101, 103

deconstruction

, 103–105

epistemological relativism

, 101

neo-pragmatism

, 105–109

postmodern thinking development

, 101–103

reaction

, 109–110

Postmodern thinking

, 101–103, 117–119

Post-positivism

, 42

Post-postmodernism

, 111

Post-structuralism

, 110–111

Power (statistical)

, 175–177

Practical truths

, 187

Pragmatic health care

, 236–237

Pragmatic model

, 61–62

Pragmatism

, 8–9

classical

, 40–42

neo-pragmatism

, 42

Praxis

, 7–8

Predicate nominalism

, 81, 83

Predictive validity

, 146

Premodern

, 103

Primary health care

, 243

Probability

, 21

Bayes’ theorem

, 202–203

epidemiological statistics

, 200–202

Monty Hall problem

, 197, 199–200

Probability sampling

, 162–165

Problematic practice

faith-healing

, 222–224

HIV/AIDS denialism

, 221–222

immunisation scares

, 218–221

Problem of induction

, 25–27

Problem of universals

, 80

Problem-solving approaches. See Probability

Proof

, 23, 37, 44, 47, 51, 52, 170, 187, 199, 204, 214, 237

Pseudo-science

, 208

Psychology

, 9, 64, 76, 77, 84, 88, 93, 96, 102, 110, 121, 190

Psychometrics

, 76, 144

Ptolemaic/Aristotelian models

, 74

Ptolemy, Claudius

, 46

Public healthcare provision

, 242–244

Putnam, Hilary

, 71

P-value

, 168, 169

Pyramid, of evidence

, 133–141

Pyrrho

, 81

Qualia

, 84

Qualitative research methods

ethnography

, 152

grounded theory

, 152–154

interpretive methods

, 150–152

method blending/slurring

, 156

narrative analysis

, 155–156

phenomenography

, 155

phenomenology

, 154–155

Quantitative research methods

, 156–157

absolute risk reduction

, 171

confidence interval and levels

, 174–175

criticism of statistical hypothesis testing

, 177–179

descriptive and inferential statistics

, 158–171

hypothesis testing

, 166–171

number needed to treat

, 173–174

observation and experimentation

, 157–158

odds ratio

, 172–173

power

, 175–177

relative risk reduction

, 171–172

sampling

, 161–166

skewness and kurtosis

, 160–161

standard deviation

, 159–160

variables and distributions

, 158–159

variance

, 160

Quantum mechanics

, 48–49

Quasi-science

, 209

Quine, Willard Van Orman

, 39, 45, 81, 86, 105, 240

Quinton, Anthony

, 72

Randomised controlled trial (RCT)

, 136, 139, 181

Rationalism

, 21–22

critical

, 44–45

Ratio level data

, 159

Raven paradox

, 26

Realism

, 69

Reductio ad absurdum

, 216

Reductionism

, 85–87

Regression to the mean

, 189–190

Reid, Thomas

, 23–24

Reification

, 88

Relative risk reduction (RRR)

, 171–172

Relativism

, 45, 50, 51, 77, 79, 99, 101, 102, 104, 109, 111, 252

Reliability

, 142–144

Religion

, 35, 84, 91, 122, 207, 222, 223

Renaissance

, 17–19

Renaissance, age of

, 19–20

Research culture

, 120–122

Retroduction. See Abductive reasoning

Reversion to mediocrity. See Regression to mean

Rhetoric

, 15, 117, 155, 180, 217, 233, 235

Rhythmicity

, 114

Ricoeur, Paul

, 93, 95

Rise of empiricism

, 23–24

Roman Catholic Church

, 18

Roman science

, 15, 16

Romanticism

, 33–35

Romanticism, age of

, 33–35

Romantics

, 86

Rorty, Richard

, 98, 103, 105

Russell, Bertrand

, 36

Sackett, David

, 131, 132, 173

Sagen, Carl

, 37, 117

Salmon, Wesley

, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62

Sample size

, 165–166

Sampling

, 161–166

Sartre, Jean-Paul Charles Aymard

, 92

Satori

, 114

Savonarola, Girolamo

, 19

Scales of measurement theory

, 159

Scepticism

, 18, 21, 23, 75, 167, 204, 252

Schrödinger’s cat paradox

, 49

Science

beginnings of

, 13–15

contemporary health care

, 5–6

definition of

, 4

medieval world

, 15–17

nursing

, 6–7

of physics

, 48–51

under siege

, 2–3

technology in nursing

, 4–5

Science-based health care

, 3

Science of Unitary Human Beings

, 112

Scientific evolution

, 46–48

The Scientific Image

, 78

Scientific inquiry

, 1

Scientific knowledge

, 55–56

Scientific realism

, 69–71

arguments supporting

, 71–73

criticism

, 73–75

non-realist empirical frameworks

, 75–80

Scientific revolution

, 17–19, 33

Scientist

, 13

Scotsman fallacy

appeal to hypocrisy

, 217–218

non-sequitur

, 215

package-dealing

, 215–216

post hoc ergo propter hoc

, 216

reduction ad absurdum

, 216

reduction of complex phenomena/false dichotomy

, 216

slippery slope

, 216–217

straw man argument

, 217

tautology

, 217

teleological thinking

, 217

unexplained to unexplainable assign

, 218

Scottish Enlightenment

, 23

Seacole, Mary

, 6

Secondary health care

, 243

Semantics

, 179–181

Sense of nursing theory

, 9

Significance level

, 168

Simulacra and Simulation

, 102

Skewness

, 157, 160–161

Smith Stevens, Stanley

, 159

Smuts, Jan Christiaan

, 87

Social Constructionism and Constructivism

, 99–100

The Social Construction of Reality

, 100

Social Science as Sorcery

, 117

Social sciences

anti-realism

, 80–83

ethics

, 120–122

holism

, 87–89

metaphysics

, 69–70

mind-body problem

, 83–85

non-realist empirical frameworks

, 75–80

reductionism

, 85–87

scientific realism

, 70–75

See also Interpretivist

Sociology

, 35, 64, 84, 86, 90, 154

Socrates

, 14–15

Socratic method

, 14

Sokal, Alan

, 45, 117, 118

Solomon Asch test

, 195–196

Sophistry

, 14, 15, 118

Special pleading

, 211

Spinoza, Benedict de

, 20, 22

Spock, Benjamin

, 6

S-R model. See Statistical relevance (S-R) model

Standard deviation (SD)

, 159–160

Stanford prison experiment

, 121

Statistical relevance (S-R) model

, 59–60

Statistical significance

, 168–170

Statistics

, 8, 21, 158–161, 168, 170, 172, 173, 177, 197, 200–202, 236

Strauss, Anselm

, 153

Strong Program

, 102

Structural realism

, 72

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

, 102

Supervenience

, 85

Sweeping generalisation

, 211

Syllogism

, 28, 210

Systematic review

, 131, 135–138, 223

Tabula rasa

, 22

Tautology

, 217

Technology

, 4–5, 235–236

Teleological thinking

, 82, 217

Tertiary health care

, 243–244

Test-retest reliability

, 143

Thales of Miletus (624–546 BCE)

, 14

Thatcher, Margaret (British Prime Minister)

, 86

Theaetetus

, 14

Theory

, 141

Theory of Integral Nursing

, 115

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

, 37–38

Trans-cultural Nursing

, 108–109

Transferability

, 147–148

Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity

, 117

Truth

, 6–8, 10, 14, 15, 21, 22, 29, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 51, 65, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 90, 95, 101, 103, 105, 106, 118, 119, 140, 142, 156, 187, 192, 203, 209, 210, 237

Truth and Method

, 94

Tuskegee syphilis experiment

, 120

Twelfth Century Renaissance

, 16

Type I error

, 170, 177

Type II error

, 170, 176, 177

Under-determination of theory, argument from

, 73–75

Unification

, 63–64

Unitary human beings

, 112–113

Universals, problem of

, 73, 80

Unobservability

, 74

Vaernet, Carl

, 120

Validity

external

, 146–147

internal

, 144–145

Van Fraassen, Bas

, 61, 62, 74, 75, 77–78

Van Fraassen’s fact/theory/context model

, 62

Variance

, 160, 168, 174

Verifiability theory

, 39

Verstehen

, 90

Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus

, 18

Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet de

, 20

Von Glaserfeld, Ernst

, 99–100

Vygotsky, Lev

, 99–100

The War of the Worlds

, 196

Wason selection test

, 193

Watkins Chapman, John

, 101

Watson, Jean

, 114–115

Ways of knowing

, 106–108

Weapon Salve

, 64

Weber, Max

, 86, 90

Wertheimer, Max

, 88

Whewell, William

, 13, 24

William of Ockham (1285–1349)

, 16

Wirths, Eduard

, 120

Wittgenstein, Ludwig

, 37

Worrall, John

, 72

Zen Buddhism

, 114