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This paper provides evidence that the banking sector reforms of 2004 and 2009 enhanced prudential performance of the banking industry and financial system stability in Nigeria.

This study uses regression analysis with regime shift to confirm results from tests of two means and variances model to examine the effectiveness of banking sector reforms in Nigeria.

Evidence from the regression model agrees with findings from the test of means model (not controlling for trend effects) that capital to assets ratio rose while non-performing loan ratio declined after the reforms, and that capital to earning assets ratio rose when trend effects were accounted for. Both the regression model and the tests of means model controlling for trend effects show that return on asset, return on equity and return on earning assets ratios declined after the reforms.

This paper evaluated the effectiveness of banking sector reforms in Nigeria using models that avoid weaknesses that besieged many previous studies. It however used data covering 1983–2020 period, due to data availability. A larger scope of data may improve the results, and future research may re-examine this theme as more data become available. Furthermore, banking stability issues could be examined using specialised techniques such as the generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model and related family.

These results suggest that the reforms led to improvement in the sector’s resilience (risks-absorbing capacity) and asset quality, and that profitability had not been the primary focus of the reforms.

The authors recommend that regulatory and supervisory authorities in Nigeria continue to implement and improve on banking sector reforms for a more resilient and functional banking system. As a contribution to social research, this study shows that studies on policy evaluation should be located within appropriate theoretical framework: the theory of change. It shows that an appropriate use of attribution analysis and contribution analysis within this theoretical framework engenders robust analysis and results. Otherwise, the analytical findings would be erroneous and policy advice misguided.

The statistical significance of our findings establishes that the banking sector reforms in Nigeria have been effective in promoting financial system stability in Nigeria. By deploying both the test of means with and without trend effects (an attribution analysis) and the multivariate regression analysis with regulatory shift (a contribution analysis), and relying more on the later for its superiority, this study contributes to the body of knowledge in that, it not only determined the true effects of banking sector reforms in Nigeria for appropriate policy guidance but also demonstrated that, in research, an inappropriate methodology produces results that may diverge from the more accurate ones that were derived from the correct methodology.

Banking sector reforms can impact the development of the real sector. However, there is very little known about this impact on the construction sector in a developing country context. This study aims to evaluate the impact of the banking sector reform on the construction output (CNS) using the banking sector reform in Nigeria in 2005 (2005 Banking Sector Reform Programme [BSRP]) as a case.

This study used econometric methodology comprising unit root test for stationarity, Johansen test for cointegration, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the analysis of covariance. Time series data covering a period from 1981 to 2017 (37 years) about the banking and construction sector performances are analyzed using ten-time series equations.

The ANOVA estimates reveal that the 2005 BSRP positively impacted the CNS and construction sector growth rate. However, the ANOVA estimates reveal that the gross domestic product (GDP) and bank total loan had a positive impact on CNS in the period (1981–2017) before and after the 2005 BSRP, and consequently removing the effect of the 2005 BSRP on CNS.

This paper concludes that the banking sector reform has a positive impact on CNS in the Nigerian construction industry. The impact is greater and lasting when the reform is directly targeted at improving CNS.

This study provides empirical evidence of the dependence between banking sector reform and construction sector performance in a developing country context. Also, this study demonstrates the relationship between GDP, banking sector reform and construction sector performance in a developing country context.

Recalling that the introductory chapter (Chapter 1) wanted to carry out similar types of analysis for the major states in India. Thus, the present chapter tries to examine the trends of a bank branch, deposit, credit, the credit–deposit ratio, sectoral shares of credit, magnitudes of banking transactions, credit concentration, etc., for the selected 15 states and Delhi as the only union territory for the period 1972–2019. The study period covers the pre-reform period from 1972 to 1992 and the post-reform period 1993–2019. The observations show that the branch, deposit and credit did not grow significantly during the post-reform period. As a result, the credit–deposit ratio did not increase significantly during the reform period. But, the magnitude of banking transactions increased in most of the states during the reform period. Regarding the sector-wise share of credit, AP, Maharashtra, UP and TN are the leading states in agricultural credit, WB, Gujarat and Maharashtra are in industrial credit and Kerala, Assam and Delhi are in the service sector. On the other hand, the study finds rising magnitudes credit concentrations of the states during the post-reform period in contrast to the declining concentration in the pre-reform period. Maharashtra is the state which holds around 25 per cent of all states’ credit throughout the entire period of 1972–2019. Hence, there are the notions of rising disparity and inequality in credit as well as incomes of the states and all India levels.

The main objective of this paper is to critically examine the effects of the ongoing reform process on the overall functioning of Serbia's banking system. It is essential that this reform process bears fruit by developing a sound, efficient and reliable banking system.

The research results were obtained through exploratory field research. The interviews were aimed at capturing the attitudes of bank managers regarding the country's banking reform process and examining the context of the managers' feelings, thoughts, and actions.

Based on questionnaire results collected from Serbia bank managers in 2004, the findings suggest that the reform process, although characterized as slow and sluggish due to a lack of customer's confidence in banks, has indeed improved the overall functioning of Serbia's banking sector.

This study's weakness is the fact that it was for the most part exploratory research. Conclusions can be drawn from the research, but not at the desired level of cause‐and‐effect.

The Serbian banking reform process can offer lessons for both more and less advanced economies, as it exposes critical problems and mistakes that could be avoided and managed appropriately.

This paper contributes to the research and literature on transition, as Serbia is an area of research in the transition literature, especially regarding the banking sector, which appears to be inadequate and limited.

The transition countries have been pursuing a market economy since the early 1990s. Crucial reforms in the banking and financial sectors are necessary to provide a financial structure that supports a market economy, particularly the private and enterprise sector, leading to economic growth. This paper examines the banking and financial development in the transition countries. Arguments for banking reforms are made and the conditions for an efficient banking system are examined. A comparison in the progress of banking reforms and economic growth provides useful lessons not only for the transition countries but for developing and other emerging countries. Lastly, policy choices are suggested for the transition countries.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of bank consolidation and foreign ownership on bank risk taking in the Egyptian banking sector.

Following prior studies (e.g. Yeyati and Micco, 2007; Barry et al., 2011), this study uses pooled Ordinary Least Squares regression models under two main analyses to test the relation between concentration and foreign ownership on one hand and bank risk-taking behavior on the other hand, where observations are pooled across banks and years for the 2000-2011 period. The reform plan was launched in 2004 and resulted in various restructuring activities in the banking system. Thus, to control for the effect of implementing the financial sector reform plan on bank insolvency and credit risk, this study includes a reform dummy variable (RFM) for the post-reform period in models testing the association between consolidation, foreign ownership and bank risk. Therefore, this categorical variable identifies whether bank risk is related to the reform activities that have been observed during the post-restructuring period, 2005-2011. Moreover, to accommodate the possibility that effects of bank concentration and foreign ownership on bank risk differ due to the implementation of the reform plan, the author create two interaction terms: one uses the product of the reform dummy variable and concentration measures, while the other uses the product of the reform dummy and foreign ownership variables to capture interactions. These interaction terms and the dummy variable provide ample room to capture the effect of bank concentration and foreign ownership on bank risks during the post-reform period.

This study provides empirical evidence that bank concentration is associated with low insolvency risk and credit risk as measured by loan loss provisions (LLP) in the post-reform period. These results are consistent with the “concentration-stability” view, suggesting that concentration of the banking sector will enhance stability. Moreover, evidence shows that while a higher presence of foreign banks reduces bank credit risk in the post-reform period, it appears to increase insolvency risk. These results are robust to using alternative measures. These findings imply that regulators in emerging countries should support foreign investments in banks to transfer better managerial skills and systems. However, government-owned banks are found to be more prone to insolvency and credit risks; thus, their ownership should not be encouraged. Finally, policy makers should reinforce bank consolidation, be prudent in determining the capital adequacy ratio (CAR) and monitor intensively less profitable, well-capitalized and small-sized banks.

Consolidation of the banking sector decreases insolvency risk and credit risk, as measured by LLP in the post-reform period. This study proposes that bank supervisors implement prudent polices in determining the bank CAR, and monitor intensively less profitable, well-capitalized and smaller banks, as they have incentives to increase risk. In addition, regulators should encourage foreign investment in the banking sector and facilitate their operations in Egypt.

Bank supervisors should intensely monitor banks with high-CARs that exceed mandatory requirements because they may be more likely to engage in more risk-taking activities.

It provides empirical evidence from a country-specific, emerging market perspective, in which restructuring events affect the national economy. Egypt, similar to other emerging countries in Africa, pursues an institutionally based (bank-based) system of corporate governance, where banks are the primary sources of finance for firms. Therefore, restructuring banks and other financial institutions and supervising their operations ensure the soundness and stability of these institutions, which represent the nerve of emerging economies. Because emerging countries tend to share common characteristics and economic conditions, and the reform of their financial systems is significant for economic development, the Egyptian banking reform and restructuring program should be of interest to other emerging countries to capitalize on this experiment. While international studies on these relationships are mostly cross-country or focus on US banks, firm-specific studies are scant. Furthermore, the findings of this study should be of interest to Egyptian regulators, bank supervisors and policy makers studying the implications of bank reforms.

Post-crisis policy measures in Asia have focussed on banking sector and market reform. The paper argues that in order to propel growth, banking and market reform in Asia must be undertaken with the view that they are not mutually exclusive competitive tradeoffs. Rather banks and markets must be viewed as complementary supportive pillars in a financial system. Additionally, legal and functional reform must be undertaken simultaneously. The paper proposes that a likely consequence of doing so will enable creating a four-pillared multi-dimensional growth paradigm in the region to help restore and promote growth.

The aim of the study is to attempt to analyze the trends and patterns of institutional credit flow, deployed by the CBs, SCBs and RRBs, for production and investment purposes in agriculture and allied activities in India in the light of banking sector reforms initiated in the early 1990s.

The study is based on secondary data collected from the Handbook of Statistics of Indian Economy, 2009‐2010 published by the Reserve Bank of India, Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, Economic Survey of India, etc. The data relating to institutional credit at the all India level were collected for 1971‐1972 to 2007‐2008. The period from 1971‐1972 to 1980‐1981 is considered as the beginning of multi‐agency approach and bank branch expansion, from 1981‐1982 to 1990‐1991 is regarded as the pre‐reform period, from 1991‐1992 to 2007‐2008, as the post‐reform period. In order to examine the extent of institutional credit flow for development of agriculture and allied activities, the indictors such as the average institutional credit per hectare cultivated area and as percentage of agricultural GDP were estimated, besides the CAGR during different periods.

The study found that the annual growth rate of total institutional credit for agriculture and allied activities was much higher during the reform period as compared to that of pre‐reform period. The average institutional credit per hectare and as a percentage of agricultural GDP has gone up significantly during the reform regime. The RRBs followed by the SCBs registered highest growth rates of production credit as compared to that of CBs during the entire period; it was higher during the reform than the pre‐reform period. The growth rate of investment credit was highest for SCBs followed by the RRBs as against the CBs during the reform period. It has been observed that the CBs have lost their historical prime position in provision of agricultural credit. The growth pattern of production as well as investment credit constituted what can be described as the “U‐shaped” curve. This implies that the bulk of the increase in institutional credit for agriculture and allied activities during the reform period was attributed to the banking sector reforms initiated in the early 1990s.

The data on institutional credit provided by the SCARDBs and PCARDBs were not included under the co‐operative sector prior to 1999‐2000, and it covered credit by only PACs. Hence, the temporal comparability of data on institutional credit under the co‐operative sector for the period 1998‐1999 to 2007‐2008 with that of earlier periods may be erroneous.

Adequate and timely inflow of both production and investment credit for development of agriculture and allied activities through further reforms in the banking sector would go a long way in sustained growth of agriculture and food security for a great majority of the rural masses in India.

The study establishes the “U‐shaped” curve for the growth pattern of institutional credit for development of agriculture and allied activities in India. This follows that the increase in the growth rates of institutional credit during 1991‐1992 to 2007‐2008 was largely due to the banking sector reforms.

Observes that since the 1980s, many African countries have embarked on macroeconomic policy adjustments aimed at setting their economies on the path to a market orientation. In almost all national contexts, financial sector reforms have been at the core of the broader programme of structural adjustment. The east African country of Tanzania is one of the exemplar countries in the continent acknowledged by the World Bank to have achieved relative success with its reform programme. Accordingly, this article examines the market‐driven transformation of the banking sector in Tanzania. It does this by providing a historical perspective on the reform process, describing the institutional environment in which marketing took place and identifying the facilitative factors and barriers to the development and adoption of a market orientation culture.