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1 – 10 of 420Qingjun Ding, Bo Tian, Gai Zhao, Feng Wang, Huafeng Li and Yunlai Shi
This study systematically investigated the effect of the binary rare earth oxide of La2O3 and Sm2O3 on the properties of the Al2O3/TiO2 (AT) coating, including phase transform…
Abstract
Purpose
This study systematically investigated the effect of the binary rare earth oxide of La2O3 and Sm2O3 on the properties of the Al2O3/TiO2 (AT) coating, including phase transform, wear behavior, etc.
Design/methodology/approach
AT coatings mixed with different components of binary rare earth oxides of La2O3 and Sm2O3 are prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying. The adhesion strength, micro-hardness, phase transition and tribological behavior of coatings are systematically investigated.
Findings
The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that phase transformation is obvious after spraying, and a-Al2O3 is almost translated into γ-Al2O3 when La2O3 and Sm2O3 are doped together. Meanwhile, solid solution generated between rare earth oxide and Al2O3/TiO2 coatings results in disappearance of TiO2 and rare earth oxide phase. The photos under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicate that binary rare earth oxide could increase the melting degree of powder and decrease porosity of coatings.The increasing of Sm2O3 rarely affect micro-hardness and adhesion strength, and the coating with 4 per cent Sm2O3 and 1 per cent La2O3 exhibits the best wear resistance and lowest friction coefficient among all the samples.
Originality/value
AT coatings mixed with different components of binary rare earth oxide of La2O3 and Sm2O3 are prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying. Binary rare earth oxide could increase the melting degree of powder and decrease porosity of AT coatings.
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M. Mobin, H.K. Sharma and S.K. Hasan
The aluminide and CeO2 and La2O3 containing aluminide coatings on carbon steel have been prepared by a pack cementation process. The influence of CeO2 and La2O3 additions on the…
Abstract
The aluminide and CeO2 and La2O3 containing aluminide coatings on carbon steel have been prepared by a pack cementation process. The influence of CeO2 and La2O3 additions on the oxidation rates of aluminide coatings has been investigated. The performance of coatings was studied by measuring oxidation kinetics, metallography, SEM and X‐ray diffraction analysis techniques. The oxidation‐resistance of coated carbon steel is discussed on the basis of a decrease in oxidation rates as well as adherence of oxide scales. The oxidation rates of carbon steel and aluminide coatings were markedly reduced in the presence of CeO2 and La2O3 in the temperature range of 700‐900°C. The oxidation rates were significantly affected by the morphology of oxide scales. In the case where the structure of oxides scales was not seriously disrupted due to decarburisation, the oxidation rates were significantly reduced.
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Yuanhao Yu, Jingfu Song, Gai Zhao and Qingjun Ding
This paper aims to study the effect of different rare earth oxide on the tribological properties of polyimide (PI) nanocomposites based on the CNT and GO reinforcements.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to study the effect of different rare earth oxide on the tribological properties of polyimide (PI) nanocomposites based on the CNT and GO reinforcements.
Design/methodology/approach
The PI nanocomposites filled with different rare earth oxide based on the carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide were designed and prepared by hot press sintering. The mechanical and tribological properties of PI nanocomposites were carried out, and their reinforcement mechanisms were discovered.
Findings
Rare earth oxide had a weak influence on the impact strength of PI nanocomposites. Filling La2O3 can dramatically reduce the friction coefficient and wear rate of PI nanocomposites.
Originality/value
The PI nanocomposites filled with rare earth oxide based on the CNT and GO reinforcements were designed, and their mechanical and tribological properties were studied.
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Divya V., Divya Jayan and Asoka Kumar
As there is a strong inducement to develop new colored inorganic materials to substitute the current industrial pigments that are based on toxic metals hazardous to health and the…
Abstract
Purpose
As there is a strong inducement to develop new colored inorganic materials to substitute the current industrial pigments that are based on toxic metals hazardous to health and the environment, the purpose of this paper is to invent environmentally benign rare earth-based colorants as viable alternatives to the traditional toxic pigment formulations. Herein, the authors developed a series of rare earth pigments having the general formula Ca0.1 Ln0.9 PO4 ( Ln = Y , Pr , mixed rare earth oxides, RE and Di). After studying all the optical properties, the authors have gone for some coloring application in plastic like PMMA.
Design/methodology/approach
The designed pigments were synthesized by traditional solid-state method. Stoichiometric amounts of each reagent were mixed in an agate mortar and the mixtures were calcined at optimized temperature 1000 °C for 4 h in electric furnace followed by auto–cooling. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction diffraction, UV–vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), particle size distribution, color coordinates determination, acid/alkali test, thermo gravimetric (TG) analysis and CIE–1976 L*a*b* color scales. Among the various lanthanide ions and calcium ion as dopant, the pigment composition shows various hues ranges from green to yellow. The designed pigments consist of non–toxic elements and were further found to possess high thermal and chemical stability. The pigments were also found to be appropriate candidates for the coloration of polymer substrates like PMMA.
Findings
The present investigations establish that various color hues can be achieved by the incorporation of suitable chromophore metal ions like calcium in various rare earth host lattice by tuning of the band gaps. The coloring mechanism is based on the strong absorption of the pigments in the blue and red regions due to electronic transitions of the micro states of rare earth ion. The pigment composition shows various hues ranges from green to yellow. The coloring mechanism is based on the tuning of band gap by the dopant like calcium in various rare earth host lattice. In addition, this pigment was chemically and thermally stable. Finally, it has applied in plastics like PMMA.
Research limitations/implications
Mechanism of the color appearance using band calculations and on possible applications of rare earth phosphate powders as pigments in plastics and paints have not been explored much. However, the properties of the Ca-doped rare earth phosphate implies that this material has a potential to be applied as a satisfactory pigment for coating or coloring except for glaze, which may cause a side reaction at high temperatures, especially taking into consideration the economics and ecologies. The possibility of Ca2+ incorporation in CePO4 with monazite structure-type has been established.
Practical implications
The designed pigments consist of non-toxic elements and were further found to possess high thermal and chemical stability. The pigments were also found to be appropriate candidates for the coloration of polymer substrates. Thus, the present environmental friendly pigment powders may find potential alternative to the classical toxic inorganic pigments for various applications.
Social implications
There is a strong incentive to design new colorants based on inorganic materials to substitute for industrial pigments that are based on heavy elements hazardous to health and the environment. However, several industrial yellow pigments such as cadmium yellow (CdS), chrome yellow (PbCrO4) and nickel titanium yellow (TiO2-NiO-Sb2O3) contain the harmful elements (e.g. Cd, Pb, Cr and Sb) for the human body as well as the environment. The designed pigments consist of non-toxic elements and were further found to possess high thermal and chemical stability. The pigments were also found to be appropriate candidates for the coloration of polymer substrates. Thus, the present environmental friendly pigment powders may find potential alternative to the classical toxic inorganic pigments for various applications.
Originality/value
There is a strong incentive to design new colorants based on inorganic materials to substitute for industrial pigments that are based on heavy elements hazardous to health and the environment. However, several industrial yellow pigments such as cadmium yellow (CdS), chrome yellow (PbCrO4) and nickel titanium yellow (TiO2-NiO-Sb2O3) contain the harmful elements (e.g. Cd, Pb, Cr and Sb) for the human body as well as the environment. So, the authors have developed new class of inorganic pigments that are both non-toxic and environmentally unimpeachable, while preserving or even exceeding the optical, thermal and chemical characteristics of the existing commercial pigments. The developed colorants find practical applications in polymer matrix like PMMA.
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Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of the paper is to study the tribological performance of an oil soluble mixed rare‐earth alkylsalicylate (REA) as lubrication additive in VG 26 white oil, and to estimate the action mechanism.
Design/methodology/approach
The organo rare‐earth compound is synthesized, and added in base oil with different concentrations. The tribological performances of the organo rare‐earth compound as a lubrication additive in VG 26 white oil and its anti‐wear properties are evaluated with a four‐ball friction and wear tester. The wear scar is analyzed with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Findings
The novel compound exhibits excellent anti‐wear, load‐carrying and friction‐reducing capacities in base stock. The analytical results of XPS indicate that the excellent performance of REA can be attributed to the formation of a boundary lubricating film mainly composed of alkylsalicylic acid, rare earth oxide, and complexes of rare earth metals, which is formed on a rubbed surface when lubricated by oil containing the REA additive.
Research limitations/implications
Their antioxidant and anticorrosion properties are not estimated.
Practical implications
One useful AW and EP lubricating oil additive is synthesized, and maybe it is the potential industrial applied lubricating oil additive.
Originality/value
This paper provides a study of organo rare‐earth compounds as lubrication additives.
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A.U. Malik, Rais Ahmad, Sharif Ahmad and Sultan Ahmad
Nickel aluminide coatings on mild steel have been prepared by pack cementation process. The high temperature oxidation behaviour of the coatings have been studied at 750°, 800…
Abstract
Nickel aluminide coatings on mild steel have been prepared by pack cementation process. The high temperature oxidation behaviour of the coatings have been studied at 750°, 800° and 850° in flowing air. The influence of different rare earth oxide addition on the oxidation rates of nickel aluminide coating on mild steel has also been investigated. The kinetic of the oxidation of nickel aluminide coating on mild steel, with or without addition of RE2O3 proceeds by a diffusion controlled mechanism as revealed by the parabolic nature of weight gain Vs time plots. At higher temperatures the oxidation rates of the nickel aluminide coatings are lowered down markedly irrespective of rare earth oxide concentration. The oxidation rates are significantly affected by the morphology of the oxide scales, in cases where the structure of oxide scales is not seriously disrupted due to decarburization, the oxidation rates are significantly reduced.
Rare earths are essential materials for many high-tech industries critical to both economic development and national defense. China, the world's dominant supplier of rare earths…
Abstract
Purpose
Rare earths are essential materials for many high-tech industries critical to both economic development and national defense. China, the world's dominant supplier of rare earths, has recently been imposing stricter controls over its production and export. The purpose of this paper is to examine the domestic roots of the changes in China's rare earth industry production and exports in its three-decade rise to the current global monopoly.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper adopts the historical institutionalism approach to analyze the trajectory of industry and trade development. The author analyzes data collected from government whitepapers and reputed scholarly and news sources.
Findings
This paper argues that the Chinese rare earth industry has gone through three periods of development, in which the state attempted to control the market and industry through reformulating rules and institutions to achieve state goals. Domestic state institutions, combined with macroeconomic environment and state governance strategy shaped the three-decade experience of rare earth industry and trade development in China.
Originality/value
This paper builds on existing findings about Chinese state regulations to provide a novel analytical framework to analyze the role of the state in industry and trade development in the rare earth industry. The focus on a single strategic industry seldom studied in the current literature also provides ample empirical value to further scholarly understanding about this industry.
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The rare earth ores China imports from the United States will face a 25% rate, however, reducing the attractiveness of processing the material in China. The rare earth…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB243711
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
Topical
Ajay Kumar, T. Anandraj, S.M. Krishnan, J. Mathiyarasu, V. Ganesh, T.S. Prasanna Kumar, S.A. Venkatesh, D. Mukherjee and S. Mukherjee
304 SS substrates have been covered with polymeric class low melting barriers, like polyurethane, acrylate and epoxy with and without incorporation of eco‐friendly (non‐toxic…
Abstract
304 SS substrates have been covered with polymeric class low melting barriers, like polyurethane, acrylate and epoxy with and without incorporation of eco‐friendly (non‐toxic) ceramic particular of antifouling origin. The results of corrosion resistance tests are encouraging. Other physical parameters like hardness, adhesion, scratch resistance are also studied, for these synergistically organized low melting point barrier layers.
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Junling Wu, Longfei Sun and Long Lin
This study aims to dye silk with natural pigments extract of Coreopsis tinctoria, by treating the fabrics with appropriate mordant under suitable dyeing conditions, to achieve…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to dye silk with natural pigments extract of Coreopsis tinctoria, by treating the fabrics with appropriate mordant under suitable dyeing conditions, to achieve good dyeing depth, fastness and ultraviolet (UV) protection.
Design/methodology/approach
Firstly, single factor experiments were used to determine the basic dyeing conditions of Coreopsis tinctoria. The optimal process conditions for direct dyeing were determined through orthogonal experiments. After that, the dyeing with mordant was used. Based on the previously determined optimal process conditions, silk fabrics were dyed with different mordanting methods, with different mordants and mordant dosages. The dyeing results were compared, in terms of the K/S values of the dyed fabrics, to determine the most appropriate dyeing conditions with mordant.
Findings
The extract of Coreopsis tinctoria can dye silk fabrics satisfactorily. Good dyeing depth and fastness can be obtained by using suitable dyeing methods and dyeing conditions, especially when using the natural mordant pomegranate rind and the rare earth mordant neodymium oxide. The silk fabrics dyed with Coreopsis tinctoria have good UV resistance, which allows a desirable finishing effect to be achieved while dyeing, using a safe and environmentally friendly method.
Research limitations/implications
The composition of Coreopsis tinctoria is complex, and the specific composition of colouring the silk fibre has not been determined. There are many factors that affect the dyeing experiment, which have an impact on the experimental results.
Practical implications
The results of this study may help expand the application of Coreopsis tinctoria beyond medicine.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first report on dyeing silk with the extract of Coreopsis tinctoria achieving good dyeing results. Its depth of staining and staining fastness were satisfactory. Optimum dyeing method and dyeing conditions have been identified. The fabric dyed with Coreopsis tinctoria has good UV protection effect, which is conducive to improving the application value of the dyeing fabric. The findings help offer a new direction for the application of medicinal plants in the eco-friendly dyeing of silk.
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