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Regional and global powers will determine whether there will be conflict around the city of Sirte, the scale of the fighting, the short-term future of Libya's oil industry, and…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB254368
ISSN: 2633-304X
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The NOC-ENI agreement follows on from an earlier memorandum of understanding (MoU) which Turkey signed with the Tripoli-based Government of National Unity (GNU) in October. This…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB276287
ISSN: 2633-304X
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The outcomes of these meetings may indicate the dynamics of external states' future behaviour, which will shape domestic developments until elections are held on December 24.
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB261081
ISSN: 2633-304X
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The group had travelled to Libya for work. Reconstruction in Libya has prompted the return of Egyptian migrant workers, and Cairo has been keen to facilitate this. Many of those…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB276472
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Haddad's visit, his second in four months, reflects Russia's outreach efforts with the GNU as Libya moves towards elections in December. Moscow is hedging its bets by also…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB262842
ISSN: 2633-304X
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This visit is the first by a Turkish foreign minister in eleven years, and a substantive step towards re-setting relations between the two countries. These were downgraded after…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB277996
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Moscow is increasingly involved in Libya in support of a dual ambition to be taken seriously as a regional power and an honest intermediary. As Turkey takes sides in the conflict…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB250382
ISSN: 2633-304X
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France has supported eastern strongman Khalifa Haftar while Italy backs the internationally recognised Government of National Accord (GNA). Germany has been enlisted by the UN to…
From US contractors in Iraq and Russian mercenary groups in Syria, to Gulf states’ ‘foreign legions’ in Yemen and multiple Iranian proxy militias, national armies no longer…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB251712
ISSN: 2633-304X
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This was the culmination of months of backchannel talks between two of the Middle East’s bitterest rivals. It is intended to help reduce bilateral tensions and facilitate further…