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Expert briefing
Publication date: 12 February 2016

It claims an additional 1.2 million square kilometres of seabed below the North Pole ice cap under Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). If…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 24 February 2017

Russia's Arctic strategy.

Expert briefing
Publication date: 18 September 2018

Shipping in the Arctic between China and Europe.

Expert briefing
Publication date: 18 January 2018

Management of the oceans and biodiversity.

Expert briefing
Publication date: 30 January 2024

Modestly increased gas exports to China have offset only a fraction of the lost business in Europe. The United States last year imposed sanctions on the flagship Arctic-2 LNG…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 11 October 2019

Climate change and the oceans.

Expert briefing
Publication date: 9 March 2016

The International Maritime Organisation's Polar Code.

Expert briefing
Publication date: 27 March 2023

The high seas, or international waters, account for around 60% of the world’s oceans. They have, until now, been a largely ungoverned space, exposed to unrestricted shipping…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 4 November 2020

This has deprived social movements of opportunities to mobilise public opinion. However, a recent surge of major economies and businesses setting long-term ‘net zero’ emission…

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