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Parallel imports have played a crucial role in securing the supply of goods for the Russian economy. The creation and management of parallel import channels is now an important…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB286497
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
Topical
Defence spending will account for 1.2% of GDP in 2024, having remained stable at around this figure for at least the past two decades. Nevertheless, outside estimates of China’s…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB286228
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
Topical
Stabilisation measures implemented with Gulf assistance this year have created a platform for manufacturing growth. If this can be directed to boost manufactured exports, it would…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB287535
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
Topical
The trip comes as her government continues to contend with tough economic challenges including low foreign exchange (forex) reserves, high inflation and a troubled banking sector…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB288141
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
Topical
With Russia focused on Ukraine, Kazakhstan has charted a path to reduce its military and security dependency on Moscow. This is apparent in Astana's changing attitudes towards…