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The purpose of this study is to investigate the recovery and resilience tourism strategies and possible future development of four main Chinese tourism cities.

The authors collected data from the official accounts of tourism administrations of these cities, tourist attractions and opinions from media and newspapers in Sina Weibo platform. The authors adopted an inductive approach in observing relevant social media posts and applied content analysis to identify main China’s tourism prevention and recovery strategies.

During the mass pandemic infection period, top-down prevention and control measures were implemented by the Chinese central and local governments, with feasible and regional recovery policies and protocols being adapted according to local situations. Measures related to tourism industrial re-employment, improvement of international images and governmental financial supports to re-boost local tourism in Chinese cities were paid great attention. Digitalization, close-to-nature and cultural heritages became important factors in the future development of China’s tourism. Dark tourism, as a potential tourism recovery strategy, also obtained huge emergence, for the memory of people deceased in the pandemic and for the inheritance of national patriotism.

This study enriches the current literature in urban tourism recovery studies analyzing the specific case of Chinese tourism cities and fulfill some voids of previous research mostly focused on the first wave of the pandemic and the recovery strategies mainly of Western cities. It also provides valuable suggestions to tourism practitioners, destinations and urban cities in dealing with regional tourism recession and finding possible solutions for the scenario associated to the COVID-19 and other similar health crisis.

Sports tourism has become an important element of reconstruction, and also considered as a strong tourist activity for tourism development and recovery. Therefore, the main aim of current research is to study the economic impact of sporting events on host communities based on stakeholder theory in Aras Free Zone of Iran and how it may contribute to rejuvenating tourism destination. Qualitative method has been used for the aim of this chapter. A semi-structured interview is applied for data collection. The sampling method was purposive sampling with maximum diversity or heterogeneity. 21 stakeholders have been interviewed who involved in the Iran-Azerbaijan International Cycling Tour or the International Traditional Archery Competition – Aras Geopark Cup. Potential cycling tour stakeholders are selected to conduct in-depth interviews in terms of the economic impact of sport tourism events specifically cycling tours which can be operated by social distancing rules in Aras Free Zone, Iran. The interviews were analysed by thematic analysis. Extracted codes were categorised into four themes: infrastructure development and services, increased awareness of the host community, managerial and policy development, business development, and investment. This study suggests that small scale sports tourism could be considered as motivation drivers in emerging tourist destinations; Specifically, those sports that can be practiced in the pandemic situation following physical distancing such as cycling. The findings of this study help to policymakers and destination marketers to use appropriate sports tourism events as a tool for economic development and tourism recovery of destinations. Managerial implications and limitations are discussed.

It was estimated that 450 million people would take vacations during the Chinese Spring Festival in early 2020, yet the outbreak of the pandemic resulted in a sudden brake of travel business. This caused an unparalleled damage to the industry for tourism cities in China. Among those cities, Hangzhou was the first to activate the First Level Public Health Emergency Response, indicating an immediate lockdown. However, within one month, the city started to reopen its public facilities, parks and gardens for residents. From then, the city has witnessed a well-controlled pandemic and steady recovery of tourism. Therefore, the author intends to explore (1) what contributes to the tourism recovery in Hangzhou; (2) how the policy was implemented efficiently and (3) the casual relations between the safe destination image and the recovery of tourism industry. From a longitudinal perspective, the research adopted qualitative methods to collect data from policy documents, interviews and auto-ethnographic reflections. Thematic analysis indicates that effective control of the pandemic, early application of tracing app, seamless linkage between administrative levels and the cooperation of local residents are important to create a positive and safe destination image; traditional values and the authority of the government are equally important for implementing measures and policies successfully; more importantly, the safe image of a destination is considered as the most important reason for Chinese to make a travel decision. The research will contribute to destination management under crisis and exemplify the possibility to build the destination resilience with those effective.practices.

This study examines experiences and enjoyment of national parks in the context of Tanzania.

A cross-sectional design with quantitative and qualitative methods is applied. The study area is Nyerere National Park in Tanzania. Data collected from fully completed structured questionnaires by 360 domestic tourists are subjected to descriptive statistics and Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling analysis. Content analysis is used to analyze qualitative data.

The findings have revealed that there is a significant relationship between direct experiences and enjoyment of southern national parks among domestic tourists.

The suggestion is for future studies to explore a longitudinal approach to determine the patterns of domestic tourists in reference to experiences and enjoyment of national parks so as to improve domestic tourism.

The practical implication is for the government, private sector and tourism stakeholders to improve infrastructure and conduct regular surveys and tour guide training.

This study examines experiences and enjoyment of national parks in the context of Tanzania and, specifically analyzes the relationship between direct experiences and enjoyment of southern national parks among domestic tourists in Tanzania guided by types of tourists’ theory.

The 21st century has brought the business model earth-shaking changes, especially since the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic at the end of 2019. Now, the epidemic normalization is slowing down China's rapid development. However, technological development, like artificial intelligence (AI), is unstoppable and is transforming China's economic growth modes from factor-driven to innovation-driven systems. Therefore, it is necessary to study further the new changes in labor entrepreneurship and innovation business models and their mechanism of action on economic growth.

This work studies how innovative human capital (IHC) uses AI and other scientific and technological (S&T) innovation technologies to promote China's innovation-driven economic growth model transformation from the labor entrepreneurship and innovation perspective.

The research shows that the entrepreneurial innovation ability of IHC can increase marginal return and output multiplier effect. It changes the traditional business model and promotes China's economic growth and innovation development. At the same time, this work analyzes China's inter-provincial panel data through the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model. It concludes that there is a nonlinear relationship between IHC and the output of innovative achievements. The main body presents three stages of nonlinear changes: first rising, then slightly declining, and rising so far.

The finding provides a direction for solving the problem of slow economic growth and accelerating the transformation of economic growth mode under epidemic normalization.

The purpose of this chapter is to report on the effects of a natural disaster on the tourism sector of Grand Bahama Island (GBI). This chapter explores the process of tourism destination recovery. Tourism destination recovery has become an important area of study in Small Island Developing States (SIDs). SIDs have been subject to increasing external shocks based on the state of the natural environment including climate change. GBI is the northernmost populated island in The Bahamas and the island has been impacted by several hurricanes within recent times including Hurricane Matthew in 2016 and Hurricane Dorian in 2019. A review of the tourism literature revealed that tourism destination recovery is an underresearched area in the Caribbean. Data were collected from stakeholder interviews to determine the process of tourism destination recovery. Findings revealed the importance to focus on product development, marketing, and coordination aspects of a tourism destination in recovery. This chapter offers a path towards tourism destination recovery by highlighting some of the challenges of the process, with consideration of a recovery framework for tourism destinations.

The COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted tourism, and the hotel and restaurant industry was the most affected sector, which faced issues related to business uncertainty and unemployment during the crisis. The analysis of recovery time and the influence factors is significant to support policymakers in developing an effective response and mitigating the risks associated with the tourism crisis. This study aims to investigate numerous factors affecting the recovery time of the hotel and restaurant sector after the COVID-19 crisis by using survival analysis.

This study uses the quarterly value added with the observation time from quarter 1 in 2020 to quarter 1 in 2023 to measure the recovery status. The recovery time refers to the number of quarters needed for the hotel and restaurant sector to get value added equal to or exceed the value added before the crisis. This study applies survival models, including lognormal regression, Weibull regression, and Cox regression, to investigate the effect of numerous factors on the hazard ratio of recovery time of hotels and restaurants after the COVID-19 crisis. This model accommodates all cases, including “recovered” and “not recovered yet” areas.

The empirical findings represented that the Cox regression model stratified by the area type fit the data well. The priority tourism areas had a longer recovery time than the non-priority areas, but they had a higher probability of recovery from a crisis of the same magnitude. The size of the regional gross domestic product, decentralization funds, multiplier effect, recovery time of transportation, and recovery time of the service sector had a significant impact on the probability of recovery.

This study contributes to the literature by examining the recovery time of the hotel and restaurant sector across Indonesian provinces after the COVID-19 crisis. Employing survival analysis, this study identifies the pivotal factors affecting the probability of recovery. Moreover, this study stands as a pioneer in investigating the multiplier effect of the regional tourism and its impact on the speed of recovery.

Tourism sites around the world which are often hit by calamities caused by climate change normally affect extremely the regions and economies. Disasters affect directly or indirectly the number of tourist arrival, the hotel industry, tourism receipts, employment, and the overall economy of a region (Naeem, Bhatti, & Khan, 2021). To thrive or adapt in this novel and rapidly changing environment, tourism communities need to be resilient in order to maintain the economic benefits (Wu, Chiu, & Chen, 2019). This requires strategic approach in local tourism development with strong public private partnership and collaboration. Economy, environment, emergency management and response, disaster risk management, community-based participation, post-disaster tourism recovery management, psychological behavior of people, nature-based tourism, dark tourism, responsive consumer behavior, and transportation are the key areas to focus on. Developing resilient and sustainable local tourism communities must be guided by the carefully defined goals and objectives depending on the dynamics and resources of the communities, and anchored of guidelines, pertinent laws and policies implemented by the local, national, and international governing and regulatory bodies.

Purpose: This chapter analyzes how the COVID-19 pandemic has been managed and strategies put in place to rejuvenate the tourism industry in Uganda.

Methodology: This chapter adopts an integrated approach involving questionnaire survey and rapid situational analysis of documents to synthesize information on management of past disease outbreaks, COVID-19 and their impacts on tourism.

Findings: Uganda's tourism industry is vulnerable and has been exposed to past disease outbreaks such as Ebola and Marburg with varying effects on its image and performance. With the outbreak of COVID-19, the industry has drawn lessons from the previous responses and management experiences to cope with the effects of the pandemic.

Research Limitations: The main limitation in this chapter is the low response rate due to stringent lockdown conditions and limited access to respondents and official documents.

Practical Implications: This chapter recommends the need to mainstream strategies for crisis management into the tourism policy and development planning frameworks.

Originality/Value: This chapter provides a robust approach to analyze tourism industry's response, recovery and sustainability after disease outbreaks, pandemics and related crises in future.

The public health emergency of COVID-19 (Corona-virus disease) pandemic has greatly impacted tourism industry, especially in the rural tourism. This paper aims to study how rural tourism practitioners can get out of the mire of the pandemic. By analyzing the behaviors of various stakeholders and the logic of the impact of the pandemic, the behaviors of participants and future development were sorted out. The key elements that promote the recovery of rural tourism were discovered.

Based on the framework of institute analysis and development (IAD), this research selected six rural tourist communities in China as subjects for the studies. Based on the seven basic principles of hermeneutics and the inductive research method, following the analysis method of “first-order coding, second-order coding, aggregated dimensions,” the texts obtained through in-depth interview and work reports were analyzed and concepts were extracted.

The paper extracted 44 first-order concepts and 14 second-order concepts, and obtained 7 aggregation dimensions, including policy formulation and implementation, improvement of integrated marketing capabilities, improvement of tourism product quality, restrictions on rural tourism development, protection and optimization of environmental resources, industrial integration strategies and improvement of managerial and coordinating capabilities. During the pandemic, the government, enterprises and associations, as the service providers of rural tourism, can optimize the environmental resources and industrial resources of rural tourism by formulating policies, refining products and strengthening marketing in the action arena, to promote the industrial integration of rural tourism and provide better products and services for tourists.

This paper uses the IAD framework to study how rural tourism communities can successfully recover from the impact of the pandemic. It is found that the rapid recovery of rural tourism is the result of collective action. The core of establishing the collective action mechanism of rural tourism is consensus mechanism, co-construction mechanism and sharing mechanism. By studying the path and possibility of collective action of rural tourism communities, this paper explores the approach of multi-center governance of rural tourism communities to promote the imminent recovery of rural tourism.

新冠疫情（COVID-19）对旅游业，尤其是乡村旅游产生了极大影响。本文旨在探究乡村旅游从业者如何摆脱疫情危机。研究通过分析疫情带来的影响及各利益相关者的反应，梳理旅游从业者的行为，探究乡村旅游未来的发展。研究指出了促进乡村旅游复苏的关键因素。

基于制度分析与发展（IAD）理论框架，本文选取中国境内6个乡村旅游目的地作为研究对象。采用解释学七大基本原则和归纳式研究方法，通过对深度访谈和政府工作报告获得的文本进行分析，提取出“一阶编码、二阶编码、聚合维度”。

研究提取44个一阶编码和14个二阶编码，最终得到7个聚合维度，包括政策制定与实施、整合营销能力提升、旅游产品质量提升、乡村旅游发展制约因素、保护和优化环境资源、实施产业整合战略和提高管理协调能力。疫情期间，政府、企业和协会作为乡村旅游的服务提供者，可以通过制定政策、改善产品、加强营销，优化乡村旅游的环境资源和产业资源，推动乡村旅游产业融合，为游客提供更好的产品和服务。

本文利用IAD框架研究乡村旅游在疫情中的复苏。研究发现，乡村旅游的快速复苏是集体行动的结果。建立乡村旅游集体行动机制的核心是共识机制、共建机制和共享机制。本文通过研究乡村旅游社区集体行动的路径和可能性，探索乡村旅游多中心治理的途径，促进乡村旅游复苏。