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Article
Publication date: 11 January 2021

Longitudinal vertical crack analysis in beam with relaxation stresses

Victor Rizov

This paper is concerned with analysis of the time-dependent strain energy release rate for a longitudinal crack in a beam subjected to linear relaxation. A viscoelastic…

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Abstract

Purpose

This paper is concerned with analysis of the time-dependent strain energy release rate for a longitudinal crack in a beam subjected to linear relaxation. A viscoelastic model with an arbitrary number of parallel units is used for treating the relaxation. Each unit has one dashpot and two springs. A stress-strain-time relationship is derived for the case when the coefficient of viscosity in each unit of the viscoelastic model changes continuously with time. The beam exhibits continuous material inhomogeneity along the thickness. Thus, the moduli of elasticity and the coefficients of viscosity vary continuously in the thickness direction. The aim of the present paper is to obtain time-dependent solutions to the strain energy release rate that take into account the relaxation when the coefficient of viscosity changes with time.

Design/methodology/approach

Time-dependent solutions to the strain energy release rate are derived by considering the time-dependent strain energy and also by using the compliance method. The two solutions produce identical results.

Findings

The variation of the strain energy release rate with time due to the relaxation is analysed. The influence of material inhomogeneity and the crack location along the beam width on the strain energy release rate are evaluated. The effects of change of the coefficients of viscosity with time and the number of units in the viscoelastic model on the strain energy release rate are assessed by applying the solutions derived.

Originality/value

The time-dependent strain energy release rate for a longitudinal vertical crack in a beam under relaxation is analysed for the case when the coefficients of viscosity change with time.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/WJE-05-2020-0181
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

  • Inhomogeneous beam
  • Relaxation stresses
  • Strain energy release rate
  • Viscoelastic model

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Article
Publication date: 1 April 1993

SOME INTERESTING RESULTS IN LARGE STRAIN STUDIES

Y. TSUI and Y.M. CHENG

Large strain model can be formulated in terms of the Lagrangian or the Eulerian frame. In this paper, the Eulerian type large strain models are studied. Numerical examples…

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Abstract

Large strain model can be formulated in terms of the Lagrangian or the Eulerian frame. In this paper, the Eulerian type large strain models are studied. Numerical examples on the Lagrangian and Eulerian types large strain models are investigated and compared. It is found that the differences in the choice of large strain model under large strain and rotation problems are noticeable but not significant if small load step is used for analysis. Furthermore, we have also found that unsymmetrical formulation instead of symmetrical formulation should be adopted for Eulerian type large strain models.

Details

Engineering Computations, vol. 10 no. 4
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/eb023912
ISSN: 0264-4401

Keywords

  • Eulerian
  • Lagrangian
  • Finite element
  • Unsymmetrical

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Article
Publication date: 1 January 2006

Roles of imposed cyclic strain amplitude and cyclic strain rate on the stress relaxation behaviour of pre‐strained eutectic Sn‐3.5Ag solder joints

H. Rhee and K.N. Subramanian

To understand the roles of service‐related parameters, such as imposed cyclic strain amplitude and cyclic strain rate, on the stress relaxation behaviour of eutectic Sn‐Ag…

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Abstract

Purpose

To understand the roles of service‐related parameters, such as imposed cyclic strain amplitude and cyclic strain rate, on the stress relaxation behaviour of eutectic Sn‐Ag solder joints.

Design/methodology/approach

Cyclic shear straining with associated stress relaxation at the shear strain extremes imposed was carried out on pre‐strained eutectic Sn‐Ag solder joints with various cyclic shear straining conditions. Results from such experiments were compared with previously reported findings from monotonic shear straining and stress relaxation tests.

Findings

At higher testing temperatures with a larger cyclic strain amplitude, stress states realized at the subsequent cycle are comparable with, or even gradually increase on, those experienced at the previous cycle, especially after few cycles. The maximum shear stress obtained at each cycle and residual stress during stress relaxation are strongly affected by cyclic strain rate. Stress relaxation during subsequent cycles of straining was found to be strongly dependent on the test temperature, and the imposed cyclic strain amplitude and cyclic strain rate.

Originality/value

In this paper, the experiments were carried out on eutectic Sn‐Ag solder joints with about a 100 μm joint thickness, which are, therefore, representative of those used in microelectronics. Also, there is no systematic study reporting the effects of cyclic straining conditions on the stress relaxation behaviour of eutectic Sn‐Ag solder for this joint configuration in the published literature.

Details

Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, vol. 18 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09540910610647080
ISSN: 0954-0911

Keywords

  • Cyclic loading
  • Stress
  • Soldering
  • Strain measurement

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Article
Publication date: 1 December 2002

On the zero offset stability of thick film strain gauges

Yulan Zheng, John Atkinson and Russ Sion

This paper presents results of work aimed at characterising the zero offset stability in novel thick film strain gauges. The devices studied are z‐axis (k33) load sensors…

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Abstract

This paper presents results of work aimed at characterising the zero offset stability in novel thick film strain gauges. The devices studied are z‐axis (k33) load sensors fabricated on insulated stainless steel substrates and include examples of novel commercially developed force sensors. Devices loaded with compressive strains using a purpose designed test jig were found to exhibit a significant zero offset shift, which is negative up to a certain level (typically 1,000 micro strains) and then increasingly positive when strained beyond this point. Repeated cycles of loading then produced a certain level of stability until the previous maximum value of applied strain was exceeded. Temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) measurements showed the devices to exhibit characteristics that depend significantly on the device geometry. The TCR was found to increase positively with increasing device thickness and surface area. The effect of overglazing the devices was found to decrease the TCR.

Details

Microelectronics International, vol. 19 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13565360210445014
ISSN: 1356-5362

Keywords

  • Thick film
  • Strain
  • Stability
  • Temperature

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Article
Publication date: 23 January 2009

Wireless collection and data fusion method of strain signal in civil engineering structures

Yan Yu and Jinping Ou

The purpose of this paper is to describe a wireless strain sensor system which will allow easier collection of accurate strain signals in civil engineering structures. The…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe a wireless strain sensor system which will allow easier collection of accurate strain signals in civil engineering structures. The sensor system is developed by integrating with resistance strain gauge, and the data fusion method is proposed based on batch estimation theory.

Design/methodology/approach

The principle of resistance strain gauge is discussed and the project of wireless acquisition system of strain signal is given. Wireless strain sensor is integrated with modularization method. Based on batch estimation theory, the data fusion method of strain signal is described. The experiment of wireless strain sensor system is finished on a typical concrete beam structure, the measure data processed by using the data fusion method and the arithmetic average value method is compared and analyzed.

Findings

The research result shows that the wireless strain sensor can be installed easily and thus is applied compatibly to local monitoring in civil engineering. The strain signal processed by the data fusion method is more accurate than the one processed by the arithmetic average value method, and thus the proposed data fusion method is fit for processing such slowly‐changing signals as strain.

Originality/value

In this paper, the innovation is shown from two views: one is applying wireless technique to collect strain signals; another is that data fusion with wide application can make measurements more precise and reliable by eliminating uncertain value than using the arithmetic average value method. In general, the developed wireless sensor system and the proposed data fusion method are fit for local monitoring.

Details

Sensor Review, vol. 29 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02602280910926760
ISSN: 0260-2288

Keywords

  • Condition monitoring
  • Strain measurement
  • Structures
  • Sensors

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 1985

Kinematics of small and large deformations of continua

Balkrishna S. Annigeri, Brice N. Cassenti and Anthony J. Dennis

The kinematics of small and large deformations (displacements, rotations and strains) is described by use of the engineering strain, the logarithmic strain, the Seth‐Hill…

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Abstract

The kinematics of small and large deformations (displacements, rotations and strains) is described by use of the engineering strain, the logarithmic strain, the Seth‐Hill class of strains and the rate‐type strains derived using the Lagrangian and the ‘Relative’ descriptions. The displacement gradient is computed for two and three dimensions and the error associated with use of the small rotation approximation is plotted. The components of the rotation tensor are derived for a four‐noded isoparametric quadrilateral finite element for determining the error due to small displacement and rotation approximations. Finally, the various strain measures are computed and plotted for representative problems.

Details

Engineering Computations, vol. 2 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/eb023622
ISSN: 0264-4401

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 2007

A Fem Analysis to Determine Effect of Milling Parameters on Plastic Strain and Plastic Strain‐Rate Distribution When Milling Hastelloy C‐22HS

K. Kadirgama, K.A. Abou‐El‐Hossein, B. Mohammad and H. Habeeb

The Finite Element Method and Response Surface Method are used to find the effect of milling parameters (Cutting speed, Feedrate and Axial depth) on plastic strain when…

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Abstract

The Finite Element Method and Response Surface Method are used to find the effect of milling parameters (Cutting speed, Feedrate and Axial depth) on plastic strain when milling Hastelloy C‐22HS. This simulation gain more understanding of the strain distribution in metal cutting. Response surface method (RSM) has been used to minimize the number of simulation. The contour plot from the RSM shows the relationship between variables (cutting speed, feedrate and axial depth) and response (plastic strain ‐ rate).The friction interaction along the tool‐chip interface is modeled with Coulomb friction law.

Details

Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures, vol. 3 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/157361107781389580
ISSN: 1573-6105

Keywords

  • Finite element analysis
  • Plastic strain, Milling
  • Plastic strain ‐ rate

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Article
Publication date: 5 May 2015

Grain refinement of C-Mn steel through thermo-mechanical processing

Archana Rethinam, Vinoo D. Shivakumar, L. Harish, M.B. Abhishek, G.V. Ramana, Madhusudana R., R. Sah and S. Manjini

The application of new technologies requires, however, modern rolling mills. Indeed, in manufacturing plants of older types, strict compliance with the developed rolling…

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Abstract

Purpose

The application of new technologies requires, however, modern rolling mills. Indeed, in manufacturing plants of older types, strict compliance with the developed rolling regimes is not always feasible. Improving the mechanical properties in such cases is possible only by means of cooling. Compressive deformation behavior of carbon–manganese (C-Mn) grade has been investigated at temperatures ranging from 800-900°C and strain rate from 0.01-50 s−1 on Gleeble-3800, a thermo-mechanical simulator. Simulation studies have been conducted mainly to observe the microstructural changes for various strain rate and deformation temperatures at a constant strain of 0.5 and a cooling rate of 20°C s−1.

Design/methodology/approach

The project begins with simulation of a hot rolling condition using the thermo-mechanical simulator; this was followed by microstructural examination and identification of phases present by using an optical microscope for hot-rolled coil and simulated samples; grain size measurement and size distribution studies; and optimization of finishing temperature, coiling temperature and cooling rate by mimicking plant processing parameters to improve the mechanical properties.

Findings

As the strain rate and temperature increase, pearlite banding decreases gradually and finally gets completely eliminated, thereby improving the mechanical properties. True stress–strain curves were plotted to extrapolate the effect of strain-hardening and strain rate sensitivity on austenite (γ) and austenite–ferrite (γ-a) regions. To validate the effect of strain rate and temperature over the grain size, the hardness of simulated samples was measured using the universal hardness tester and the corresponding tensile strength was found from the standard hardness chart.

Practical implications

The results of the study carried out have projected a new technology of thermo-mechanical simulation for the studied C-Mn grade. These results were used to optimize the plant processing parameter like finishing and coiling temperature and finishing stands strain rate.

Originality/value

By controlling the hot rolling conditions like finishing, coiling temperature and cooling rate, structures differing in mechanical properties can be obtained for the same material. Accurate understanding of a structure being formed when different temperatures are applied enables the control of the process that assures intended structures and mechanical properties are achieved.

Details

Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, vol. 13 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-03-2013-0022
ISSN: 1726-0531

Keywords

  • Property development
  • Simulation
  • Materials characterization
  • Metallography

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Article
Publication date: 1 November 1948

The Stress‐Strain Characteristics of a Magnesium Alloy Beam: Behaviour when Electrically and Plastically Deformed by a Uniform Bending Moment at Room Temperature

A.E. Johnson and D.C. Herbert

THE work described in this paper was undertaken to investigate the behaviour of a magnesium alloy beam clastically and plastically deformed by a uniform bending moment at…

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Abstract

THE work described in this paper was undertaken to investigate the behaviour of a magnesium alloy beam clastically and plastically deformed by a uniform bending moment at room temperature. The object of the work was to obtain relations between stresses and strains in the beam, to afford a basis for design, in cases where it is required to submit magnesium alloy structures to bending stresses exceeding the elastic limit.

Details

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 20 no. 11
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/eb031688
ISSN: 0002-2667

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Article
Publication date: 28 December 2020

Linear analysis of parameters in Arrhenius model for Ti-6Al-4V at superplastic forming

Junzhou Yang, Jianjun Wu, Qianwen Zhang, Yinxiang Ren, Han Ruolan and Kaiwei Wang

With the discussion on the linear relationship of determined material parameters, this study aims to propose a new method to analyze the deformation mechanism.

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Abstract

Purpose

With the discussion on the linear relationship of determined material parameters, this study aims to propose a new method to analyze the deformation mechanism.

Design/methodology/approach

A modified constitutive model based on the hyperbolic sine Arrhenius equation has been established, which is applied to describe the flow behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy during the superplastic forming (SPF).

Findings

The modified constitutive model in this work has a good ability to describe the flow behavior for Ti-6Al-4V in SPF. Besides, a deformation map of titanium material is obtained based on the parameters. As the supplement, finite element models of high-temperature tensile tests are carried out as the application of the constitutive model.

Originality/value

The relationship between constitutive model parameters and forming mechanism is established, which is a new angle in rheological behavior research and constitutive model analysis.

Details

Engineering Computations, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EC-05-2020-0266
ISSN: 0264-4401

Keywords

  • Ti-6Al-4V
  • Arrhenius model
  • Parameter analysis
  • Superplastic behavior

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