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The overall objective of this research is to “explore whether shock advertising has a long-lasting positive effect on the smoking cessation among smoking Jordanians in a country where smoking is a deep-rooted social norm.”

This research is an exploratory qualitative research. A purposeful sampling technique was used to select participants from a mall intercept and randomly divided into groups of seven. Each group was interviewed in two different focus group sessions (four weeks apart). All focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis.

A total of 41 participants took part in the focus group session. Most participants were smokers or second-hand smokers. “Three overarching themes were generated from the focus groups: previous anti-smoking campaign experience, shock advertising (SA) impact and drawbacks of SA. All participants reported that they have never been exposed to shocking adverts, and the shock appeal has never been applied in any of the anti-smoking or health awareness campaigns in Jordan. This research revealed that incorporating images of children with a mixture of emotional and fear appeals is effective in targeting Jordanian parents' negative consumptive behaviors, which may harm other individuals, especially children. Moreover, most participants commented that the effects of shock adverts would be very short term and would not likely change behaviors”.

This research contributes both “theoretically and practically to the value and effectiveness of shock advertising. This research area is overlooked in MENA countries, particularly Jordan”.

This chapter provides an understanding of the state of social protection mechanisms in the Southern African Development Community region and gives reference to two cases from the same region in relation to their social protection response during the COVID-19 pandemic. Secondary data were used to provide an understanding of social responsive measures to mitigate poverty during the COVID-19 pandemic in the region. Existing literature, policies and programmes relative to the social measures to mitigate poverty during the COVID-19 in South Africa and Zimbabwe were reviewed. The study highlighted the importance of preparedness of governments to respond to shocks in order to provide social protection to citizens. It further highlighted the need to adopt more sustainable strategies to help mitigate the effects of pandemics and the need to cushion citizens from the socio-economic effect of future pandemics.

Extreme events undermine progress toward social sustainability and require an immediate response from the private sector. The authors propose a two-dimensional framework (response time and the scope of activities to the various stakeholders) to benchmark firms’ effectiveness in mitigating the threats to social sustainability post-disaster. This framework allows establishing a taxonomy of corporate emergency responses. Within such a framework, the authors group 218 corporate actions from 111 companies operating in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic into four corporate relief strategies: symbolic, selective, reactive, and supportive. The authors show how companies can use this framework as a guide to foster social sustainability in times of shock in an efficient way. Also, stakeholders can use this framework as a reference to distinguish corporate initiatives aiming to propel community resilience from corporate “covidwashing.”

This study aims to introduce a dynamic perspective of tourism resilience by analyzing tourism demand in Spain during the 2020 and 2021 summers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study uses regression and Lasso-type methods to demonstrate a great explanatory capacity of past determinants to explain the tourism demand of the Spanish provinces.

Results show how the previous specialization of the domestic market, the density and the geographic location related to the type of product are behind the bulk of the territorial differences in demand resilience, although in 2021 there has been a process of adaptation to the new context.

This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of tourist behavior and tourism destination management by introducing the concept of resilience dynamics of destinations.

The results are useful, on the one hand, for tourist destinations to understand the different stages of recovery from a shock, and on the other hand, to go in deep in consumer behavior after a shock.

These findings represent a paradigm shift in the static conception of resilience in tourism.

本文通过分析 2020 年和 2021 年夏季 COVID-19 大流行背景下西班牙的旅游需求, 介绍了旅游业复原力的动态视角。

我们使用回归和套索型方法来证明过去的决定因素解释西班牙各省旅游需求的能力。

我们的结果表明, 尽管 2021 年出现了一个适应新环境的过程, 但之前国内市场的专业化、密度以及提供的产品的位置相关类型是造成需求弹性的大部分地域差异的原因。

这些发现代表了旅游业复原力静态概念的范式转变。

本研究通过引入目的地特定弹性动态的概念, 有助于对游客行为和旅游目的地管理的理论理解。

一方面, 研究结果有助于旅游目的地了解从冲击中恢复的不同阶段, 另一方面有助于探索冲击后的消费者行为。

Este artículo presenta una perspectiva dinámica sobre la resiliencia del turismo mediante el análisis de la demanda turística en España durante los veranos de 2020 y 2021 en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19.

Utilizamos métodos de regresión y tipo Lasso para demostrar la capacidad de los determinantes pasados para explicar la demanda turística en las provincias españolas.

Nuestros resultados muestran cómo la especialización previa del mercado interno, la densidad y el tipo de producto ofrecido relacionado con la ubicación están detrás del grueso de las diferencias territoriales en la resiliencia de la demanda, aunque en 2021 hubo un proceso de adaptación al nuevo contexto.

Estos hallazgos representan un cambio de paradigma en la concepción estática de la resiliencia en el turismo.

Este estudio contribuye a la comprensión teórica de los comportamientos turísticos y la gestión de los destinos turísticos al introducir el concepto de dinámica de resiliencia específica del destino.

Por un lado, los resultados son útiles para que los destinos turísticos comprendan las diferentes etapas de recuperación de un shock y, por otro lado, para explorar el comportamiento del consumidor después de un shock.

Graphical abstract: The evaluation of the vulnerability of tourism.

This study aims to examine the evolution of the tourism supply chain (TSC) and its future development factors. To this end, a quantitative bibliometric analysis was conducted to provide insights from a statistical perspective, including the evolution of the TSC and an outlook on current characteristics and future research trends.

This paper presents a quantitative bibliometric study of selected papers on the Web of Science. The study of the evolution of the TSC is based on analyses of bibliographic coupling and co-occurrence of keywords.

Bibliographic coupling analysis identified 10 clusters defined by coherent groups of theoretical perspectives. The keyword analysis explains the occurrences in the TSC concept. It also helps to determine the future main drivers of TSC research. In the post-COVID-19 era, the tourism industry needs to focus on green transformation and new technologies to transform TSC, supply chain management and B2B relationships. It also needs to ensure employee retention and policies to attract new talent.

This study provides a comprehensive, objective and integrative overview of the evolution of TSC. It is one of the few original works on supply chain development and will be helpful for scholars and practitioners alike to understand the subject.

This paper aims to explore the ideas that social legitimacy (acceptance by the public within a country) serves as a hedge against political risk and that the perceived social value of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs’) products or services improves firms’ social legitimacy and so resilience to political shock.

Drawing from a unique data concerning global construction activity and taking advantage of the Arab Spring as an exogenous, political shock, this paper teases out the relative effects of pre-shock experience and product/service emphasis.

The authors find that construction firms that worked on a higher proportion of socially beneficial projects – such as water infrastructure, transportation and telecommunications – recovered more quickly from political shock than did those that worked on projects primarily for manufacturing interests or the oil industry. The authors also find that deep experience in a country had no bearing on a firm’s ability to recover from political shock.

The findings suggest that market behaviors that enhance social legitimacy also enhance MNEs’ ability to survive in volatile political settings. These insights add to the political risk and nonmarket strategy literatures the idea that market strategies that are attentive to nonmarket strategic goals are an important addition to the toolkit for managing political risk. More specifically, when it comes to surviving political shock, pre-shock emphasis on socially beneficial products seems to create a social legitimacy buffer that enhances resilience more than do deep country experience and associated social and political ties with the political elite.

The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the use of the term “culture shock” in international management studies and cross-cultural research and to propose a paradigmatic shift in how the term is understood for future research. The experience of “culture shock” is an established concept within international management studies, engendering an industry of training designed to combat difficulties in relocation. This paper argues that the use of concept is based on a flawed understanding of “culture” and proposes an alternative perspective to help organisations prepare their employees for overseas assignments.

The paper opts for a critical review of literature to examine models of culture shock through time and theories relating to success factors in cross-cultural adjustment. In so doing, the paper revisits the notion of culture shock from a social constructionist perspective within a dialectical framework.

The paper challenges the notion of culture as an essential, reified concept, arguing that culture shock is not about culture, but about the dynamics of context and how individuals deal with life changes to navigate the challenges that they face.

Future research should focus on context-related, interactive behaviour, framed in discourse processes, rather than predetermined a priori typologies based on cultural stereotypes. This would recognise the discursive nature of social interaction within a dialectical framework, where relational tension emerges as a result of disparity.

The paper contributes to an understanding of the complex range of factors influencing the success of relocation to guide international companies in their policies.

This paper proposes a paradigm shift in the treatment of culture shock towards a more discourse-based concept created through universal cultural and dialectical processes.