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The design, construction, and operation of a nuclear power plant (NPP) pose technological and R&D challenges for the organisations concerned. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the sources of innovation and the technological developments throughout the construction and commissioning processes for Atucha II NPP.

Studying a high-risk organisation that is reliable in practice poses several research questions the authors consider in this work. What kind of R&D processes can take place in a mature industry like the nuclear sector in Argentina? How have technological challenges been overcome since the restart of the completion phase of Atucha II NPP? Primary data were mostly gathered through semi-structured interviews. Grounded theory was the methodological approach adopted.

Multiple sources of technological developments arise, an incremental R&D pattern being the most salient. Atucha II NPP seems to be a case of network innovation in a triple helix innovation scheme led by the Argentinian state. In effect, one of the outcomes of the construction of the Atucha II NPP was the development of the Argentinian nuclear sector together with the development of organisational capabilities. In this sense, the third Argentine NPP follows the socio-technical path of the Argentine nuclear industry.

Too little is known about R&D processes in high reliability organisations (HROs), especially in the nuclear sector of a Latin American country such as Argentina as there seem to be no organisational studies analysing HROs’ impact on innovation, reliability, and economic development.

Diseñar, construir y operar una central nucleoeléctrica plantea desafíos tecnológicos y de innovación a las organizaciones involucradas. Este artículo analiza las fuentes de innovación y los desarrollos tecnológicos del proceso de construcción y puesta en marcha de la central nucleoeléctrica Atucha II.

Abordar el estudio de una organización concebida desde la teoría como altamente riesgosa pero confiable en la práctica plantea múltiples interrogantes. ¿Qué tipo de procesos de I+D se pueden dar en una industria madura como la nuclear civil, en Argentina? ¿Cómo se afrontaron los desafíos tecnológicos a partir de la reactivación de un proyecto abandonado durante más de una década? La entrevista semi-estructurada a interlocutores clave fue el instrumento de intervención predominantemente utilizado. Se adoptó el enfoque metodológico de la teoría fundada.

Del análisis del caso surgen diversas fuentes de desarrollos tecnológicos prevaleciendo un patrón de I+D incremental. Se trata de un caso de innovación en red en el marco de un modelo de triple hélice liderado por el Estado. En efecto, una de las resultantes de la construcción de Atucha II es el desarrollo del entramado del sector nuclear argentino junto con el desarrollo de capacidades organizacionales. En ese sentido, la tercera central nuclear de potencia argentina retoma la trayectoria socio-técnica del sector nuclear argentino.

Resultan escasos los conocimientos sobre los procesos de I+D en organizaciones de alta confiabilidad (HROs), especialmente del sector nuclear de un país latinoamericano como Argentina así como se carece de estudios organizacionales que analicen el impacto de las HROs en la innovación, la confiabilidad y el desarrollo económico.

The purpose of this paper is to study the factors that act as innovation obstacles in precision agriculture (PA) technologies in Argentina, one of the world leading exporters of cereals and oilseeds. The focus of this study is on the supply side, i.e. the factors that are perceived by PA firms as obstacles for the expansion of their market.

Based on a survey to 67 firms that develop PA technologies in Argentina, this study examines the impact of different types of obstacles on firms’ growth and innovation activities. This analysis is complemented with the results that emerge from a series of interviews with different stakeholders (such as firms’ managers, policymakers and experts).

In this study, it was determined that market and cost factors negatively affect firms’ growth, while institutional obstacles reduce the amount of innovation efforts. In turn, knowledge barriers positively impact on the relevance firms assigned to R&D activities. This study helps identify different strategies that firms have put in place to overcome the barriers they face. Finally, policy implications of the results are discussed.

PA technologies may contribute to greening agricultural production and offer an opportunity for the emergence of domestic suppliers of innovative equipment and services based on the use of data science, artificial intelligence and Internet of Things. To the bets of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that explores the obstacles that prevent growth and impact on innovation activities of PA firms. The insights from this study are valuable for both researchers and policymakers aiming to foster emergence of high-tech clusters in developing countries.

El propósito de este trabajo es estudiar los factores que actúan como obstáculos a la innovación en tecnologías emergentes, tomando el caso de la agricultura de precisión en Argentina.

Estudiamos el caso de la agricultura de precisión en Argentina combinando técnicas econométricas y análisis cualitativo. Sobre la base de una encuesta a 67 empresas que desarrollan tecnologías de agricultura de precisión en Argentina, examinamos el impacto de diferentes tipos de obstáculos en el crecimiento de las empresas y las actividades de innovación. Este análisis se complementa con hallazgos derivados de una serie de entrevistas con diferentes actores (gerentes de empresas, responsables de políticas, expertos, agricultores, etc.).

Encontramos que los obstáculos de mercado y de costos afectan negativamente el crecimiento de las empresas, mientras que los obstáculos institucionales reducen la cantidad de esfuerzos de innovación. A su vez, las barreras de conocimiento tienen un impacto positivo en la relevancia que las empresas asignan a las actividades de I + D. También identificamos diferentes estrategias que las empresas han puesto en marcha para superar las barreras que enfrentan. Finalmente, discutimos las implicaciones de política de nuestros hallazgos.

Las tecnologías de AP contribuyen a una agricultura sustentable y ofrecen una oportunidad al surgimiento de proveedores locales de equipamiento y servicios, basados en ciencia de datos, inteligencia artificial e Internet de las Cosas. Para los autores, este es el primer estudio que explora los obstáculos al crecimiento y a la innovación en firmas de AP. Las contribuciones de este estudio son relevantes tanto para futuras investigaciones como para hacedores de políticas interesados en promover el surgimiento de clusters high-tech en países en desarrollo.

Obstáculos a la innovación, Política de innovación, Agricultura de precisión

O objetivo deste artigo é estudar os fatores que atuam como obstáculos à inovação em tecnologias emergentes, tomando o caso da agricultura de precisão na Argentina.

O caso da agricultura de precisão na Argentina é estudado combinando técnicas econométricas e análises qualitativas. Com base numa pesquisa com 67 empresas que desenvolvem tecnologias de agricultura de precisão na Argentina, examinamos o impacto de diferentes tipos de obstáculos nas atividades de crescimento e inovação das empresas. Esta análise é complementada com as conclusões que emergem de uma série de entrevistas com diferentes partes interessadas (gestores das empresas, responsáveis políticos, especialistas, agricultores, etc.).

Descobrimos que os fatores de mercado e custo afetam negativamente o crescimento das empresas, enquanto os obstáculos institucionais reduzem a quantidade de esforços de inovação. Além do mais, as barreiras do conhecimento impactam positivamente na relevância que as empresas atribuem às atividades de P & D. Também identificamos diferentes estratégias que as empresas implementaram para superar as barreiras que enfrentam. Finalmente, discutimos as implicações políticas de nossos resultados.

As tecnologias de AP contribuem para a agricultura sustentável e oferecem uma oportunidade para o surgimento de fornecedores locais de equipamentos e serviços, baseados na ciência de dados, inteligência artificial e na Internet das Coisas. Para os autores, este é o primeiro estudo que explora os obstáculos ao crescimento e inovação nas firmas de PA. As contribuições deste estudo são relevantes tanto para pesquisas futuras quanto para formuladores de políticas interessados em promover o surgimento de clusters de alta tecnologia em países em desenvolvimento.

Obstáculos à inovação, Política de inovação, Agricultura de precisão

This study carries out an ex - post evaluation of the Research and Development (R&D) Tax Incentive Law in Chile.

A subset of data from the 9th Innovation Survey is chosen, specifically those that were available for the years 2013 and 2014. Then, differences in differences (DID) and matching with differences in differences (MDID) techniques are used to identify the impact of this policy.

The results obtained allow us to affirm that the use of the R&D Tax Incentive Law had some positive but very low effects on some components of expenditure for innovation. Also, the positive effect of the tax credits on the total expenditure for innovation identified with MDID disappears when only firms that know the R&D Tax Incentive Law are used as a control group.

This work provides new evidence to evaluate innovation policies in Latin America, focusing on tax credits that have been much less studied than subsidy programs. Specifically, it is concluded that there is still a wide margin to improve and reformulate the R&D Tax Incentive Law in Chile.

Este estudio realiza una evaluación ex - post de la Ley de Incentivo Tributario para la Investigación y Desarrollo (I+D) en Chile.

Se escogió un subconjunto de datos de la 9a Encuesta de Innovación, específicamente aquellos que estaban disponibles para los años 2013 y 2014. Luego, se aplicaron las metodologías de diferencias en diferencias (DID) y matching con diferencias en diferencias (MDID) para identificar el impacto de esta política.

Los resultados obtenidos permiten afirmar que el uso de la Ley de Incentivo Tributario para la I+D tuvo algunos efectos positivos, pero bastante bajos en algunos componentes del gasto en innovación. Además, el efecto positivo del incentivo tributario sobre el gasto total en innovación identificado con MDID desaparece cuando se utiliza como grupo de control solamente a las firmas que conocen la ley.

Este trabajo aporta evidencia nueva para evaluar las políticas de innovación en Latinoamérica, enfocándose en los créditos tributarios que han sido mucho menos estudiados que los programas de subsidio. Específicamente, se concluye que existe todavía un amplio margen para mejorar y reformular la Ley de Incentivo Tributario para la I+D en Chile.

This chapter reflects upon the trajectory of research in the geography of tourism in Spain. It begins with a review, including the evolution of the main topics present in the subdiscipline, with a special focus on developments since the 1990s. This is followed by an analysis of the current role and potential impact of academic tourism geography and a discussion on the recent growth in the publication of research results in international journals. Of importance are the institutional factors that explain the increasing recognition of research on the geography of tourism in Spain. Finally, the chapter discusses the hegemony of positivist approaches pivoting on land use, local and regional development, impact analysis, and landscape transformation, as well as the emerging links between Spanish tourism geography and the international mainstream schools of thought.

Tourism is sensitive to many factors related to security, such as terrorism and armed conflict. This scenario can be considered for Colombia and its National Natural Parks. The signing of the peace agreement with the revolutionary armed forces (FARC-EP) of Colombia that would end the armed conflict in 2016 offers economic possibilities for the country where tourism represents an important option, especially in natural areas where the government has regained control. This has had an impact on the sustained growth of tourism demand. The objective of this study is to determine the sensitivity of the tourism market in Colombia and natural parks and its relationship with the evolutionary dynamics of tourism, in a context of armed conflict. Variables related to visitors and the armed conflict were associated by autoregressive vectors, Pearson correlation test and Granger causality. A correlation of −0.5474 was found for the accumulated period from 1995 to 2018. It was also determined that the number of victims of the armed conflict is the Granger cause of the number of visitors to natural parks. The study concludes that the sensitivity of tourism in natural parks in Colombia is a consequence of State policy for the partial termination of the internal armed conflict.

Depending on the research approach one uses, the development of particular bodies of knowledge over time is the result of a combination of agency, chance, opportunity, patronage, power, or structure. This particular account of the development of geographies of tourism stresses its place as understood within the context of different approaches, different research behaviors and foci, and its location within the wider research community and society. The chapter charts the development of different epistemological, methodological, and theoretical traditions over time, their rise and fall, and, in some cases, rediscovery. The chapter concludes that the marketization of academic production will have an increasingly important influence on the nature and direction of tourism geographies.

La politique du tourisme de I'Espagne des trois décnieres décennies est analysée en profondeur. L'ouverture du pays durant les années 60 et la depreciation de la monnaie nationale ont favorisé une forte croissance quantitative. Le tourisme a contribué d'une façon importante à I'essor de I'Espagne industrielle moderne. Mais ce n'est que dans la phase de consolidation, après la premiere crise pétrolière, que le passage a la planification d'une croissance qualitative a été opéré. Le souci d'un développement ordonné a été de plus en plus endossé, dès les années 80 par les regions ayant obtenu un statut de plus grand autonomie. Depuis le debut de cette décennie, I'Espagne, comme d'autres pays touristiques, vise avant tout a maintenir sa compétitivité internationale.