Search results

The reduction in IC package lead pitches in surface mount solder assembly and the current high emphasis on quality and reliability of printed circuit assemblies have created a requirement for microanalysis of fine pitch solder joints in manufacturing situations. Of particular interest are metallographic analysis, detection of solder joint defects and mechanical strength testing of solder joints. Much has been published in the literature on the results of such evaluations in specific applications but little has been available on procedures for use in the microanalysis itself, particularly for fine pitch solder joints. Detailed procedures for fine pitch solder joint microanalysis, which the authors have verified down to 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) lead pitches, are presented. In particular, the authors present procedures for metallographic examination of tin‐lead and tin‐lead‐silver solder joints. In addition, test parameters are given for a repeatable technique of fine pitch solder joint mechanical strength testing that allows mechanical strength measurements to be obtained from almost every lead on a fine pitch surface mount IC package.

This chapter focuses on donating to the church on the part of Wesleyan Methodists in the Kingdom of Tonga. It illuminates the dynamism and tension emerging between religious faith and economic practice. Quantitative analysis of income and expenditures are combined with qualitative observations of villagers' actions and discourse in this microanalysis of donating events, which seeks to comprehend the situation from point of view of the local adherents. It concludes that what might appear in Tonga on the surface to be a purely competitive practice is actually a complex blend of competition and cooperation, with the latter probably having a larger role than the former in these transactions.

This chapter presents a novel method for using PechaKucha presentations to generate and analyze participant-generated video data. As a data source, participatory video (PV) differs from ethnographic or archival video by relying on participants to tell their own stories. As a presentation technique, PechaKucha produces six-minute-and-forty-second, narrated slideshow presentations. The slideshows or recordings from live PechaKucha presentations are a dense form of PV that is easier to code and analyze than traditional sources of PV. This chapter describes the procedures to capture and analyze PechaKucha-based PV and illustrates considerations for researchers who plan to use PV to gather data.

The purpose of the study is regarding the development of eco-oriented technologies for obtaining the building gypsum materials with the involvement of industrial by-products or waste.

The scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis and IR spectral analysis were used to study the structure of gypsum matrix. The method of comparison of modified and unmodified gypsum matrix was used. Physical modeling of gypsum matrix crystallization is used to study changes in the morphology of hydration products.

The experimental results show that the addition of technical soot into a gypsum binder leads to a change in the morphology of crystalline hydrates of calcium sulfate dihydrate. Results of the scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis and IR spectral analysis confirm the change of physical and mechanical characteristics of the gypsum binder due to the structural modification of the gypsum matrix with ultrafine carbon soot. The achieved degree of the structural modification of the gypsum matrix is compatible with the results obtained when the gypsum binder was modified with dispersions of carbon nanotubes.

The morphology of the crystalline hydrates of the gypsum matrix with the addition of 0.04%, 0.06% and 1% of the carbon soot is characterized by the transition of the classical needle-like structure of gypsum dihydrate to the lamellar structure of increased density. One can observe the formation of intergrowths around ultrafine carbon soot particles. The studied carbon additive can improve strength characteristics of the gypsum matrix.

The purpose of this study is the 16-fold recycling process effect of VZH159 nickel alloy powder on its features and characteristics of the printed material obtained by selective laser melting (SLM). Chemical composition, content of gas impurities, powder grading, pore volume fraction and surface morphology of powder particles, structure and properties of SLM material, surface roughness and deviations from specified geometry of the test samples were investigated.

The experiment’s method procedure presumes the use of only recycled powder without adding any virgin powder at each build cycle. To avoid powder sloughing because of incomplete filling of the build space, a print area delimiter was used. For all manufactured samples, hot isostatic pressing was carried out in an ASEA Quintus-16 facility. Heat treatment was carried out in air furnaces. Structure investigations were carried out on a Leica DMIRM metallographic complex. Microstructure studies were carried out on a Verios 460 scanning electron microscope with X-ray microanalysis.

With the number of recycling stages, an increase in oxygen content is observed in the powder, which leads to an increment for oxides in the printed material. The 16-fold recycling does not have a significant effect on the features of the powder itself and the printed material if the build space is filled with manufacturing parts by no more than 20%.

The creep rupture strength of the SLM material, which appears to be a sensitive characteristic to the quality of the applied powder, does not change in the printed material after all stages of powder recycling as well.

Examines the ways in which reporters from differing fields of work in a high‐risk environment (the Aviation Safety Reporting System in the USA) strive through narrative to present and maintain a coherent sense of self through face‐work involving blame acceptance or avoidance. Proposes not to locate specific and final locations for blame, but to instead recognize risk as an underlying factor in a discourse about error and blame in an increasingly global society. In the case examined discourses of blame varied in different worlds of work. Concludes that the approach taken of mapping blame options within different work worlds within a larger context can provide a foundation for ongoing risk assessment through the tracking of shifting blame options over time or the ways in which options are interwoven between work worlds. Maintains that this study may aid in the development of new approaches to risk.

The purpose of this paper is to present the gathering, integration and analysis of digital information sources for the creation of a conceptual framework for alternate reality games (ARGs). ARGs hold potential for libraries, education, healthcare and many other sectors.

Case studies were performed on three previously played ARGs to create case reports. The various digital information sources for each game, sourced from multiple media, are compiled into a chronologically ordered game narrative which formed the case reports. The focus of the paper is on the analysis of the case reports using constant comparative analysis to identify categories and subcategories. Relationships are established, based on each game, between the categories and subcategories to inform the creation of game diagrams. The game diagrams are then combined to create a conceptual framework that describes the functioning and components of an ARG.

The conceptual framework effectively described the types of information found within an ARG as well as how these different categories of information interact and link to one another. The framework also provides an abstract description of the components of ARGs, namely narrative, game actions and community.

The conceptual framework produced by the analysis enables an understanding of ARGs and how they are played and designed. Insight into how to analyse ARGs based on the information generated for the play of the game by both the players and the game designers is gained. Where other studies have provided insight into the phenomena of ARGs, this study focuses on constructing a conceptual framework of ARGs using the information generated by the game.

Responding to calls to examine trust beyond the scope of the objectivist paradigm, the purpose of this paper is to qualitatively examine the trust relationship between leaders and followers in virtual work settings. Based on results, trust was operationalized based on extant theory (e.g. ability, honesty, integrity, benevolence; Mayer et al., 1995). Given the high degree of technology mediated communication prevalent in the workplace today, it was interesting that the authors also found evidence for followers’ perceptions of a leader’s level of media savvy (adeptness at using appropriate media dependent on the message being sent) as a salient phenomenon that appears to influence followers’ trust of their leaders in a virtual work environment. Other variables that influenced leader–follower trust relationships also emerged, including leader and follower personal characteristics, depth of relationship and time. These variables and their relationships are discussed in consideration of the existing trust literature with specific consideration of the context of virtual interactions. Implications and future directions are also discussed.

The paper opted for an exploratory study using the open-ended approach of grounded theory, utilizing open-ended survey data from 137 working professionals (after data cleaning and eliminating incomplete responses). This study was an inductive, theory-building effort focused on analyzing participants’ views of their own experiences in interacting with their leaders in a virtual work environment. The authors utilize methods of grounded theory research that guide a researcher to recognize the theory that emerges from the data (Locke, 2002; Strauss and Corbin, 1998), which included microanalysis and open coding, followed by axial and select coding.

The authors found evidence for followers’ perceptions of a leader’s level of media savvy as a salient phenomenon that appears to influence followers’ trust of their leaders in a virtual work environment. Other variables that influenced leader–follower trust relationships also emerged, including leader and follower personal characteristics, depth of relationship and time.

With any qualitative study, there are limitations to the generalizability of the sample to other populations. Although the authors developed considerable evidence to support the proposed relationships offered here, the authors are working with what is still a new and unexplored context: the virtual world. Perhaps the leader’s media communication skills moderate or otherwise impact the relationships found here and as supported by Mayer et al. (1995) and Mayer and Gavin (2005). Therefore, it would be of interest to examine possible differences in trust of the leaders by manipulating the media through which leaders communicate with their followers.

Given the findings, the authors believe the leader can communicate positively on follower development in a virtual setting, subsequently enhancing follower trust levels. The implications are also apparent on a much smaller scale: the relationships between leaders and followers. One common theme was that leaders should not completely eliminate face-to-face interaction in order to first develop and then maintain trust in a virtual work environment. This indicates the necessity for managers to not only develop a technical competence with computer technologies, but also the ability to render an appropriateness judgment in terms of what messages are most appropriate for what medium.

Given the popularity of virtual settings, much interpersonal communication is now electronically mediated. However, even with the expansion of the virtual context, the authors still know little about how various forms of technology mediated communication by affect leader–follower relationships. Therefore, it is of interest to researchers and practitioners to examine the impact of virtual settings on interactions and relationships, specifically between the leader and follower.

This paper fulfills an identified need to study leadership in varied contexts, in this case the virtual workplace. Relatively few research papers have examined this context, thus creating originality and value.