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Metadata plays a crucial role in a digital library/museum environment. However, the development of metadata is not an easy task. Its formulation starts with analysing the attributes of collections as well as understanding the user information needs and information seeking behaviour. The issue of interoperability also needs to be considered in terms of both semantics and syntax. This paper discusses issues related to the development of metadata in Taiwan. It describes the development process of a Chinese metadata system, Metadata Interchange for Chinese Information (MICI), and an XML/metadata management system, Metalogy. Both were developed under the Digital Museum Initiative sponsored by the National Science Council of Taiwan.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the metadata standards available worldwide and to study those in detail. The paper presents the detailed analysis of these standards.

The methodology adopted was investigative. Data were collected through e‐mails and visiting the relevant web sites.

No one existing metadata standard covers all the required facets. In such cases, an implementer is require to create a new scheme with the desired metadata elements but such schemes create a number of issues in interoperating. Another solution to this problem is to create extra elements to fill gaps in the coverage. Interoperability problems can be overcome by publications of new elements declaring their definitions, formats and so on.

Few studies have compared some of the well‐known standards. This study gives a detailed analysis of the metadata standards available worldwide and it will help in comparing and adopting the required standard for the repositories.

The purpose of this article is to focus on the approaches to metadata pursued by North Carolina's Exploring Cultural Heritage Online (NC ECHO), a statewide digitization project. Metadata forms the cornerstone to the project and serves as a vehicle to meet the vision of all‐inclusive access to the state's unique cultural and historical resources.

The article begins with a description of the cultural heritage institution landscape in North Carolina and a discussion of that landscape within the framework of metadata challenges. Four distinct but interrelated approaches are then discussed in the context of the project's missions and goals: working groups, “metadata first”, training and outreach, and “Seek a Metadata Consultation”.

The described approach demonstrates a commitment to communication, facilitation, and empowerment that is fundamental to the overall mission of NC ECHO: to provide access to the state's cultural heritage materials through an online portal.

The article provides a discussion of the importance of marketing, approval, coordination, and participation in the context of these metadata solutions.

Among the newly developing metadata standards for the World Wide Web, Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (Dublin Core) is the pioneer in simple content description. There are various methods to deploy Dublin Core metadata, such as embedding it within a resource, linking it to a resource, or storing it in a database. This paper presents case studies of the deployment of Dublin Core at two significantly different institutions in Queensland, Australia. It aims to share experiences and ideas with those who are interested in deploying Dublin Core metadata. The two institutions are: State Library of Queensland, which demonstrates simple embedded metadata with minimum IT support; and Education Queensland, which utilizes a more complex metadata implementation within an Oracle database. Education Queensland also supplies its metadata to Education Network of Australia (EdNA), which collects metadata from all major Australian educational agencies and acts as an educational gateway.

This paper aims to investigate the internet web page metadata usage behavior in terms of their metadata element co‐occurrences. Metadata are designed to facilitate both web publishers/authors to organize their web pages and search engines to index the web pages accurately.

This study examines the types of metadata elements employed by different professional groups of web authors, the number of elements they prefer to use, and the types of element combinations they typically embed in their pages' HTML code.

The findings reveal that the “keyword” and “description” elements were the most popular single elements. The most popular combination of two elements was that of “keyword and description”. Very few authors included combinations of five elements. This study also shows that preferences for element combinations varied by domains.

This approach will enhance the current understanding of metadata usage behavior and may help search engine designers as they continue their quest for improved indexing and retrieval of web pages.

The current library bibliographic infrastructure was constructed in the early days of computers – before the Web, XML, and a variety of other technological advances that now offer new opportunities. General requirements of a modern metadata infrastructure for libraries are identified, including such qualities as versatility, extensibility, granularity, and openness. A new kind of metadata infrastructure is then proposed that exhibits at least some of those qualities. Some key challenges that must be overcome to implement a change of this magnitude are identified.

Metadata are fundamental in establishing a digital library and museum while domain communities describe, interpret and manage different digital objects. Although many metadata formats and sets have been developed, it is difficult to choose an appropriate format and conversion is problematical, especially for the Chinese materials. This paper is a progress report from the Metadata Taskforce Group designing Chinese metadata for the digital library and museum project (DLMP) at Academia Sinica in Taiwan. The group’s top priority is to construct goals, principles and procedures while designing the metadata format for Chinese contents. Not only does the Metadata Taskforce Group present the analysis of content attributes of Formosan Plain indigenous people, but also several marked achievements and findings are suggested, such as the metadata record structure and criteria of selecting and evaluating the current metadata formats.

The purpose of this paper is to develop automated methods for creating metadata for documents in an institutional repository.

Two methods are examined for automatically building metadata in an institutional repository context. Text mining techniques are employed to discover relationships among documents with similar content, from which are inferred possible values for missing or incomplete metadata elements. Machine learning techniques are used to identify and extract specific metadata element values from document content.

Text mining techniques can be used to cluster documents with similar content. This allows values for metadata elements, like keyword, to be projected from documents with established metadata to related documents. Machine learning techniques are found to be reasonably accurate for extracting from documents values for metadata elements, such as, title, author, and abstract. Results show sufficient promise to support the next phase of the project: the development of assistive tools for use by metadata specialists to create or edit document metadata.

This paper focuses on the use of automated metadata extraction techniques to assist metadata creation, lessening the time and effort required to add documents to institutional repositories.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a solution for designing a metadata scheme for multi-type manuscripts based on a comparison of various existing metadata schemes.

The diversity of manuscript types is analysed. Descriptive scheme based on machine-readable MARC and metadata specifications-based descriptive scheme are compared. User tasks and resource features are analysed. Several challenges are posed and resolved through the design and establishment of a metadata scheme for the T.D. Lee Archives Online.

Clarify an approach for developing a metadata scheme for multi-type manuscripts.

From a multi-type perspective, this study designs a metadata scheme, establishes the element set and expands elements by studying a typical practice case. Useful suggestions for libraries, archives and museums are provided.

This article discusses the use of Encoded Archival Description (EAD) as a metadata framework within applications that are primarily concerned with the provision of access to digital forms of archive documents. These digital forms are transcripts encoded using the Text‐Encoding Initiative (TEI) and images. The article argues that EAD, as it currently stands, is focused on the provision of metadata for original archive documents rather than for digital forms of originals, and it explores where metadata about originals and their digital forms converge and diverge. It suggests how the EAD framework can be expanded to allow for the capture of adequate metadata about both types of document and asserts that such expansion enables EAD to act as a more complete and comprehensive metadata framework in online environments. This approach to digitisation relies on the flexibility of XML technology. The article is based on the research undertaken within the LEADERS project (http://www.ucl.ac.uk/leaders‐project/).