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It was discovered that as of December 1981, unlike other states, no junior college or community college in the state of California offered a course of study in Travel‐Tourism Administration enabling a junior or community college graduate to continue a four year program in Travel‐Tourism Administration. In order to arrive at a suitable course of study, it was determined to research educational institutions in various geographic locations, thus a two year institution in Kenya, two three year institutions in the Netherlands and Germany, two graduate schools, one in Switzerland and one in Canada and two community colleges in California were selected for an in‐depth study of their curricula. This was accomplished by means of personal visits and interviews with students and faculty of five institutions. Due to time and travel limitations, curriculum and educational topics were discussed with the principals of the Kenyan and Canadian institutions. At the same time, the literature of several countries, including those of the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and France, was thoroughly reviewed to create a foundation of data on which a model program could be designed.

The purpose of this study is to improve the thermal management of lithium-ion batteries. The phase change material (PCM) cooling does not require additional equipment to consume energy. To improve the heat dissipation capacity of batteries, fins are added in the PCM to enhance the heat transfer process.

Computational fluid dynamics method is used to study the influence of number of vertical fins and ring fins (i.e. 2, 4, 6 and 8 vertical fins, and 2, 3, 4 and 5 ring fins) and the combination of them on the cooling performance.

The battery maximum temperature can be decreased by the PCM with vertical or ring fins, and it can be further decreased by the combination of them. The PCM with eight vertical fins and five ring fins reduces the battery maximum temperature by 5.21 K. In addition, the temperature and liquid-phase distributions of the battery and PCM are affected by the design of the cooling system.

This work can provide guidelines for the development of new and efficient PCM cooling systems for lithium-ion batteries.

The combination of PCM and fins can be used to reduce the battery maximum temperature and temperature difference.

The purpose of this study is to design a new type of cold plate to improve the thermal performance of liquid-cooled thermal management system of lithium-ion batteries.

A cold plate with leaf type channels is proposed to enhance the cooling performance. Effects of the leaf type channel parameters (i.e. channel angle 20°, 40°, 60°, 80°; coolant mass flow rate 0.25 × 10^–3, 0.50 × 10^–3, 0.75 × 10^–3, 1.00 × 10^–3, 1.25 × 10^–3 kg·s⁻¹; channel number 1, 3, 5, 7) on the performance are numerically investigated by using a 3D mathematical model.

Compared to the traditional I type channels, the leaf type channels have better cooling performance. It is found that the battery temperature variation and channel pressure drop are decreased with decreasing channel angle and increasing channel number. In addition, the cooling performance can be improved by increasing the coolant mass flow rate.

This study can provide guidance for the development of novel effective cold plates.

The design of cold plates with leaf type channels can be used in liquid-cooled thermal management system to reduce the battery temperature difference.

The growing complexity of the dynamic processus of our life, of our economic and social system has incented the research to find new solutions. In the last years, the method of strategic management was found being largely influenced by the known basic rules for military purposes, as they are:

This monograph looks at the growing use of the outdoors for management development on both sides of the Atlantic. The author suggests the term “Outdoor Development” to describe a systematic use of outdoor activities which incorporate process reviews and the application of experiential learning methods.

Modelling of the multiproject cash flow decisions in a contracting firm facilitates optimal resource utilization, financial planning, profit forecasting and enables the inclusion of cash‐flow liquidity in forecasting. However, a great challenge for contracting firm to manage his multiproject cash flow when large and multiple construction projects are involved (manipulate large amount of resources, e.g. labour, plant, material, cost, etc.). In such cases, the complexity of the problem, hence the constraints involved, renders most existing regular optimization techniques computationally intractable within reasonable time frames. This limit inhibits the ability of contracting firms to complete construction projects at maximum efficiency through efficient utilization of resources among projects. Recently, artificial neural networks have demonstrated its strength in solving many optimization problems efficiently. In this regard a novel recurrent‐neural‐network model that integrates multi‐objective linear programming and neural network (MOLPNN) techniques has been developed. The model was applied to a relatively large contracting company running 10 projects concurrently in Hong Kong. The case study verified the feasibility and applicability of the MOLPNN to the defined problem. A comparison undertaken of two optimal schedules (i.e. risk‐avoiding scheme A and risk‐seeking scheme B) of cash flow based on the decision maker's preference is described in this paper.

This paper replicates with a unionized, Indian sample, the well‐established finding that managerial evaluations of employee performance are affected by both objective productivity and organizational citizenship behavior. Data from the managers of 104 Indian pharmaceutical sales representatives and company records replicated the findings of previous research. While objective productivity alone accounted for 9 percent of the variance in subjective performance, objective productivity and organizational citizenship behavior together accounted for 41 percent of the variance. Implications of the findings for future research and managerial practice are discussed.

Video Arts, Britain's leading producer and distributor of training films, has joined forces with the life assurance company Standard Life to produce Pensions: Your Choice. Written and directed by Graeme Garden, this is a slick re‐working of A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, which takes a look at the changes resulting from the new pensions legislation. James Bolam plays Ebenezer Scrooge as a young, middle‐aged and elderly man. Susie Blake is The Ghost of Birthday Present, who offers an objective guide to the options available under the new pensions rulings. The joint venture draws on the respective areas of expertise of the two partners to create an authoritative, balanced and entertaining analysis of the choice available to all employees irrespective of whether or not they are currently in a pension scheme.

There is a concept called occupational competence to be realised in practice. MSC has said, in the context of YTS, that by competent it means: Performing at the standards expected of an employee doing the same job (Guidance Notes on Compiling the Record of Achievement and the YTS Certificate). This is fine as an operational definition; but it inevitably sets a local rather than a national standard, which is what is wanted. To make it work nationally, it would be necessary to conceive of some idealised employee. We therefore distinguish between national standards and local or domestic standards.

Recounts the merger of Jerusalem’s Neighbourhood Self Management Organizations (NSMOs) and Community Service Organizations (CSOs) into the Joint Community Neighbourhood Management Organization (JCNM). Refers to literature on institutional theory and the process of decentralization. Focuses then on the NSMOs and CSOs, providing some background information on how and why they were originally set up and what their goals were. Compares the differences between the organizations, as well as the basic principles they have in common – hence the merge into one organization. Discusses the problems the JCNM has faced over the years, including issues such as identify, legitimacy, composition of board of directors, professional or political values, and restructuring the organization. Draws a quadrant model of patronage and centralization, suggesting that the NCNM aims to occupy a particular quadrant but is being hampered in doing so because policy makers prefer to keep things the way they are.